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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitrile</span></h1>
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<p><b>Nitrile</b> sind eine <a href="Stoffgruppe" title="Stoffgruppe">Gruppe</a> <a href="Chemische_Verbindung" title="Chemische Verbindung">chemischer Verbindungen</a> mit der allgemeinen Formel R–C≡N. Die charakteristische <a href="Funktionelle_Gruppe" title="Funktionelle Gruppe">funktionelle Gruppe</a> der Nitrile ist die Nitril- oder Cyanogruppe –C≡N. Die Stoffgruppe leitet sich vom <a href="Cyanwasserstoff" title="Cyanwasserstoff">Cyanwasserstoff</a> (Blausäure, H–C≡N) ab. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist das <a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a>, H<sub>3</sub>C–C≡N, bei dem R eine Methylgruppe ist.
</p><p>Nitrile sind polare Verbindungen und können eine Vielzahl von Reaktionen eingehen, weshalb sie eine große Bedeutung in der chemischen Synthese haben, auch im industriellen Bereich. Typische Reaktionen sind die Umsetzung zu <a href="Carbons%C3%A4uren" title="Carbonsäuren">Carbonsäuren</a> (<a href="Hydrolyse" title="Hydrolyse">Hydrolyse</a>) und die <a href="Reduktionsmittel" title="Reduktionsmittel">Reduktion</a> zu <a href="Amine" title="Amine">Aminen</a> oder <a href="Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehyden</a>. Über das Stickstoffatom können Nitrile an Metallatome koordinieren und so <a href="Komplexchemie" title="Komplexchemie">Komplexe</a> bilden. Hergestellt werden Nitrile oft durch <a href="Dehydratisierung_(Chemie)" title="Dehydratisierung (Chemie)">Dehydratisierung</a> (Wasserabspaltung) aus <a href="Carbons%C3%A4ureamide" title="Carbonsäureamide">Carbonsäureamiden</a> und <a href="Oxime" title="Oxime">Oximen</a> oder durch die Einführung einer Cyanogruppe mit <a href="Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanidsalzen</a> wie <a href="Kaliumcyanid" title="Kaliumcyanid">Kaliumcyanid</a>.
</p><p>Nitrile kommen in vielen Pflanzen und Tieren natürlich vor. Eine besonders wichtige Gruppe sind die <a href="Cyanogene_Glycoside" title="Cyanogene Glycoside">cyanogenen Glycoside</a>, die Blausäure freisetzen können und für die Giftigkeit vieler Pflanzen verantwortlich sind, darunter <a href="Aprikosenkern" title="Aprikosenkern">Aprikosenkerne</a> und <a href="Bittermandel" title="Bittermandel">Bittermandeln</a>. Bei Tieren kommen Nitrile inklusive cyanogener Glycoside vor allem bei <a href="Insekten" title="Insekten">Insekten</a> und <a href="Tausendf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Tausendfüßer">Tausendfüßern</a> vor und dienen oft der <a href="Wehrsekret" title="Wehrsekret">Verteidigung</a>. Nitrile kommen auch bei <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a>, <a href="Pilze" title="Pilze">Pilzen</a> und im Weltraum vor.
</p><p>Nitrile sind wichtige Intermediate und Reagenzien für die Chemie und kommen als Zwischenstufe bei der <a href="Strecker-Synthese" title="Strecker-Synthese">Strecker-Synthese</a> von <a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren">Aminosäuren</a> vor. Verbindungen wie <a href="Methacryls%C3%A4uremethylester" title="Methacrylsäuremethylester">Methylmethacrylat</a> und <a href="Adiponitril" title="Adiponitril">Adiponitril</a> werden großtechnisch aus Cyanwasserstoff hergestellt. Wichtige industrielle Produkte, bei denen es sich um Nitrile handelt, sind Acrylfasern, <a href="Sekundenkleber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekundenkleber">Sekundenkleber</a>, die oft auf <a href="Cyanacrylate" title="Cyanacrylate">Cyanacrylaten</a> basieren, und <a href="Nitrilkautschuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrilkautschuk">Nitrilkautschuk</a>, der für medizinische Handschuhe verwendet wird. Acetonitril ist ein wichtiges Lösungsmittel. Einige Nitrile werden als <a href="Duftstoff" title="Duftstoff">Duftstoffe</a> und <a href="Sch%C3%A4dlingsbek%C3%A4mpfungsmittel" class="mw-redirect" title="Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel">Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel</a> eingesetzt. Durch ihre charakteristischen physikalischen und geometrischen Eigenschaften spielt die Nitrilgruppe außerdem eine wichtige Rolle beim zielgerichteten <a href="Wirkstoffdesign" title="Wirkstoffdesign">Design pharmazeutischer Wirkstoffe</a>.
</p><p>Inwieweit Cyanwasserstoff selbst den Nitrilen zuzurechnen ist, ist umstritten. Zumindest formal lässt es sich als Nitril der <a href="Ameisens%C3%A4ure" title="Ameisensäure">Ameisensäure</a> auffassen, andererseits ist es ein Grenzfall, was die Einordnung von Verbindungen in die organische oder anorganische Chemie anbelangt und wird oft als anorganisch betrachtet, während die Stoffgruppe der Nitrile klar der organischen Chemie angehört.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Die ersten Synthesen von Nitrilen stammen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert. Bereits im Jahr 1815 stellte <a href="Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> <a href="Dicyan" title="Dicyan">Dicyan</a> unter Verwendung von <a href="Silbercyanid" title="Silbercyanid">Silbercyanid</a> her.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1832 synthetisierten <a href="Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> und <a href="Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> gezielt <a href="Benzoylcyanid" title="Benzoylcyanid">Benzoylcyanid</a> aus <a href="Benzoylchlorid" title="Benzoylchlorid">Benzoylchlorid</a>. Weiterhin erhielten sie durch <a href="Dehydratisierung_(Chemie)" title="Dehydratisierung (Chemie)">Dehydratisierung</a> von <a href="Benzamid" title="Benzamid">Benzamid</a> mit <a href="Bariumoxid" title="Bariumoxid">Bariumoxid</a> einen „ölartigen Körper mit süßlich aromatischem Geruch“,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der erst später den Namen <a href="Benzonitril" title="Benzonitril">Benzonitril</a> erhielt. Zwei Jahre später stellte <a href="Th%C3%A9ophile-Jules_Pelouze" title="Théophile-Jules Pelouze">Théophile-Jules Pelouze</a> zum ersten Mal <a href="Propionitril" title="Propionitril">Propionitril</a> her und bediente sich dabei einer klassischen <a href="Substitutionsreaktion" title="Substitutionsreaktion">Substitutionsreaktion</a>. Die Prägung des Begriffs <i>Nitrile</i> für die Verbindungsgruppe wird <a href="Hermann_Fehling_(Chemiker)" title="Hermann Fehling (Chemiker)">Hermann Fehling</a> zugeschrieben, um das Jahr 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1903 untersuchte <a href="Arthur_Lapworth" title="Arthur Lapworth">Arthur Lapworth</a> die Bildung von <a href="Cyanhydrine" title="Cyanhydrine">Cyanhydrinen</a> durch Addition von Blausäure an <a href="Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehyde</a> und <a href="Ketone" title="Ketone">Ketone</a> und entdeckte, dass das eigentliche Nucleophil das Cyanid-Ion ist, sodass Zusatz einer Base die <a href="Kinetik_(Chemie)" title="Kinetik (Chemie)">Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit</a> erhöht. Dabei handelte es sich um eine der ersten Untersuchungen eines organischen <a href="Reaktionsmechanismus" title="Reaktionsmechanismus">Reaktionsmechanismus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Lange Zeit waren Nitrile von primär akademischem Interesse. Zwischen dem Ersten und <a href="Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg">Zweiten Weltkrieg</a> nahm der Umfang der Forschung aber deutlich zu.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bis in die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden mehrere großtechnische industrielle Prozesse entwickelt, bei denen Nitrile hergestellt oder verwendet werden. Ein wichtiges Beispiel ist die Entwicklung von <a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Nylon</a> (Polyamid 6.6) in den 1930er-Jahren, da <a href="Adiponitril" title="Adiponitril">Adiponitril</a> ein Schlüssel-Intermediat bei dessen Herstellung ist, das selbst wiederum durch <a href="Hydrocyanierung" title="Hydrocyanierung">Hydrocyanierung</a> von <a href="1%2C3-Butadien" title="1,3-Butadien">Butadien</a> mit Cyanwasserstoff hergestellt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Acrylnitril" title="Acrylnitril">Acrylnitril</a>-Polymere sind etwa seit den 1920er-Jahren bekannt, erlangten aber erst gegen Ende der 1940er-Jahre eine größere Bedeutung in der Verwendung als synthetische Fasern.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sekundenkleber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekundenkleber">Sekundenkleber</a> auf Basis von <a href="Cyanacrylate" title="Cyanacrylate">Cyanacrylaten</a> gibt es ebenfalls seit Ende der 1940er-Jahre.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenklatur">Nomenklatur</h2></div>
<p>Die funktionelle Gruppe der Nitrile mit der C≡N-Dreifachbindung wird als Nitril- oder Cyanogruppe bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ist das Nitril die <a href="Funktionelle_Gruppe" title="Funktionelle Gruppe">funktionelle Gruppe</a> höchster Rangordnung, so wird die Endung <i>-nitril</i> an den Namen der Ausgangsverbindung angehängt. Das dreifach gebundene Kohlenstoffatom wird, wie immer, für die Benennung des Grundgerüsts mitgezählt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternativ kann (analog zu <i>-carbonsäure</i>) die Endung <i>-carbonitril</i> verwendet werden, dann wird das Kohlenstoffatom <i>nicht</i> zum Grundgerüst gezählt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Endung muss verwendet werden, wenn die Nitrilgruppe an einen Ring gebunden ist (wie beim <a href="Cyclopentancarbonitril" title="Cyclopentancarbonitril">Cyclopentancarbonitril</a>) oder wenn nicht alle Gruppen Teil des Grundgerüsts sind, was immer der Fall ist, wenn mehr als zwei Nitrilgruppen vorkommen, da diese nur am Kettenende stehen können.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entsprechend ihrer Verwandtschaft mit den Carbonsäuren (der Nitrilkohlenstoff hat die gleiche Oxidationsstufe wie der Carboxylkohlenstoff) werden <a href="Trivialname" title="Trivialname">Trivialnamen</a> oft aus dem Namen der Carbonsäuren mit der Endung <i>-onitril</i> abgeleitet (zum Beispiel <a href="Benzoes%C3%A4ure" title="Benzoesäure">Benzoesäure</a> zu <a href="Benzonitril" title="Benzonitril">Benzonitril</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ist die Nitrilfunktion <i>nicht</i> von höchster Rangordnung im Molekül, so wird die Vorsilbe <i>Cyan-</i> mit entsprechender Positionsbezeichnung verwendet. Auch hier wird das dreifach gebundene Kohlenstoffatom <i>nicht</i> zum Grundgerüst gezählt.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abgrenzung_zu_verwandten_Verbindungen">Abgrenzung zu verwandten Verbindungen</h3></div>
<p>Nitrile sind isomer zu <a href="Isonitrile" title="Isonitrile">Isocyaniden</a> (Isonitrilen). Diese tragen ebenfalls eine C≡N-Dreifachbindung, allerdings ist der zugehörige Rest über das Stickstoffatom gebunden, weshalb es sich um <a href="Zwitterion" title="Zwitterion">Zwitterionen</a> handelt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Verbindungen, bei denen an das Kohlenstoffatom einer C≡N-Gruppe ein Sauerstoffatom anschließt, werden als <a href="Cyanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanate">Cyanate</a> bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handelt es sich statt dem Sauerstoffatom um ein Schwefel- oder <a href="Selen" title="Selen">Selenatom</a>, spricht man von Thiocyanaten und <a href="Selenocyanate" title="Selenocyanate">Selenocyanaten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ist die Cyanogruppe an ein Stickstoffatom gebunden, spricht man von einem <a href="Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Neben den Nitrilen sind weitere Verbindungsklassen bekannt, die über C≡N-Dreifachbindung verfügen, wobei das Stickstoffatom eine vierte Bindung trägt, sodass es positiv geladen ist. Bei den <a href="Nitriloxide" title="Nitriloxide">Nitriloxiden</a> ist zusätzlich ein Sauerstoffatom an das Stickstoffatom gebunden.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handelt es sich stattdessen um ein Schwefel- oder um ein weiteres Stickstoffatom, spricht man von einem <a href="Nitrilsulfide" title="Nitrilsulfide">Nitrilsulfid</a> oder einem <a href="Nitrilimine" title="Nitrilimine">Nitrilimid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ist das Stickstoffatom des Nitrils protoniert oder trägt einen weiteren organischen Rest, handelt es sich um ein <a href="Nitriliumverbindungen" title="Nitriliumverbindungen">Nitriliumion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trägt das Stickstoffatom einen organischen Rest mit einem negativ geladenen Kohlenstoffatom, handelt es sich um ein Nitril-Ylid, eine Form von <a href="Ylide" title="Ylide">Yliden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertreter_und_Eigenschaften">Vertreter und Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Beide Atome der Nitrilgruppe sind sp-<a href="Hybridorbital" title="Hybridorbital">hybridisiert</a>. Die Struktur der Nitrilgruppe ähnelt der C≡C-Dreifachbindung in <a href="Ethinylgruppe" title="Ethinylgruppe">Ethinylgruppen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die C≡N-Dreifachbindung ist im Vergleich zu anderen Verbindungen kurz. Im Acetonitril und Propionitril beträgt die Bindungslänge beispielsweise jeweils knapp 116 pm während die daran anschließende C-C-Einfachbindung jeweils etwa 147 pm lang ist.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch die Elektronegativitätsdifferenz zwischen Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff weisen Nitrile ein erhebliches <a href="Elektrisches_Dipolmoment" title="Elektrisches Dipolmoment">Dipolmoment</a> auf. Aus dem gleichen Grund liegen ihre Siedepunkte etwa 60 °C höher als die von Alkinen analoger Struktur oder vergleichbarer Molmasse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrile sind allgemein gute <a href="L%C3%B6sungsmittel" title="Lösungsmittel">Lösungsmittel</a> sowohl für polare als auch für unpolare Stoffe. Acetonitril und Propionitril sind mit Wasser mischbar, bei den längeren aliphatischen Nitrilen nimmt die Wasserlöslichkeit aber deutlich ab.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acidität"><span id="Acidit.C3.A4t"></span>Acidität</h3></div>
<p>Durch die stark elektronenziehenden Eigenschaften der Nitrilgruppe weisen die Verbindungen eine relevante <a href="CH-Acidit%C3%A4t" title="CH-Acidität">CH-Acidität</a> auf und können in α-Position (am Kohlenstoffatom neben der Nitrilgruppe) vergleichsweise leicht deprotoniert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neben der Elektronegativität des Stickstoffs spielt auch die Delokalisierung von Elektronen durch <a href="Mesomerie" title="Mesomerie">Mesomerie</a> eine Rolle. So kann für ein α-deprotoniertes Nitril eine Grenzformel formuliert werden, bei der die negative Ladung auf dem Stickstoff liegt.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Malons%C3%A4uredinitril" title="Malonsäuredinitril">Malonitril</a> mit zwei Nitrilgruppen hat einen p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>-Wert von etwa 11.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Cyanoform" title="Cyanoform">Cyanoform</a> mit drei Nitrilgruppen gehört mit einem p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>-Wert von −5,1 zu den stärksten organischen Säuren überhaupt<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und ist saurer als Schwefelsäure (p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>-Wert −3,0) oder <a href="Salpeters%C3%A4ure" title="Salpetersäure">Salpetersäure</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>-Wert −1,5).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weitere Beispiele für Nitrile mit sehr niedrigem p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>-Wert sind die Cyanoderivate von <a href="Cyclopentadien" title="Cyclopentadien">Cyclopentadien</a>, so hat <a href="Pentacyanocyclopentadien" title="Pentacyanocyclopentadien">Pentacyanocyclopentadien</a> einen geschätzten p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>-Wert von −11.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spektroskopische_Eigenschaften">Spektroskopische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Infrarotspektroskopie" title="Infrarotspektroskopie">IR-Spektroskopie</a> tritt durch die <a href="Valenzschwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Valenzschwingung">Streckschwingung</a> der C≡N-Dreifachbindung eine deutliche Bande bei einer Wellenzahl von etwa 2250 cm<sup>−1</sup> auf. Ist die Nitrilgruppe mit einer Alkendoppelbindung konjugiert, tritt die Bande bei etwa 2225 cm<sup>−1</sup> auf. Ist die Nitrilgruppe an einen aromatischen Ring gebunden, liegt die Bande meist zwischen den beiden Werten.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im <sup>1</sup>H-<a href="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie" title="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie">NMR</a> treten Protonen, die α zur Nitrilgruppe stehen bei etwa 2 ppm (1,98 ppm in Acetonitril) auf, bei einer ähnlichen <a href="Chemische_Verschiebung" title="Chemische Verschiebung">Verschiebung</a> wie Protonen, die α zu anderen Carbonsäurederivaten stehen (Carbonsäure oder Carbonsäureamid). Das Kohlenstoffatom der Nitrilfunktion tritt im <sup>13</sup>C-NMR bei etwa 112–126 ppm auf.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertreter">Vertreter</h3></div>
<p>Eine Auswahl einfacher Nitrile ist in der folgenden Tabelle mit <a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelz-</a> und <a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkten</a> angegeben. Das einfachste Nitril ist Acetonitril. Die Alkannitrile mit bis zu vierzehn Kohlenstoffatomen, das heißt bis einschließlich <a href="Tetradecannitril" title="Tetradecannitril">Tetradecannitril</a>, sind alle bei Raumtemperatur flüssig.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Gleiche gilt auch für das einfachste α,β-ungesättigte Nitril, Acrylnitril und das einfachste aromatische Nitril, Benzonitril. Die einfachsten Dinitrile sind Dicyan und Malonitril. Acetoncyanhydrin ist ein wichtiger Vertreter der <a href="Cyanhydrine" title="Cyanhydrine">Cyanhydrine</a>. Im Vergleich dazu ist Cyanwasserstoff leicht flüchtig, da sein Siedepunkt etwa bei Raumtemperatur (26 °C) liegt.<sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<caption>Eigenschaften von Nitrilen
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Summenformel
</th>
<th>Molmasse<br>(g/mol)
</th>
<th>Name
</th>
<th>Strukturformel
</th>
<th>CAS-Nummer
</th>
<th>Schmelzpunkt<br>(°C)
</th>
<th>Siedepunkt<br>(°C)
</th>
<th>Referenz
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N
</td>
<td>41,05
</td>
<td><a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>75-05-8
</td>
<td>−45
</td>
<td>82
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N
</td>
<td>55,08
</td>
<td><a href="Propionitril" title="Propionitril">Propionitril</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>107-12-0
</td>
<td>−103
</td>
<td>97
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N
</td>
<td>69,11
</td>
<td><a href="Butyronitril" title="Butyronitril">Butyronitril</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>109-74-0
</td>
<td>−112
</td>
<td>117
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N
</td>
<td>69,11
</td>
<td><a href="Isobutyronitril" title="Isobutyronitril">Isobutyronitril</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>78-82-0
</td>
<td>−72
</td>
<td>104
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>N
</td>
<td>53,06
</td>
<td><a href="Acrylnitril" title="Acrylnitril">Acrylnitril</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>107-13-1
</td>
<td>−82
</td>
<td>77
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N
</td>
<td>103,12
</td>
<td><a href="Benzonitril" title="Benzonitril">Benzonitril</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>100-47-0
</td>
<td>−13
</td>
<td>191
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>
</td>
<td>52,04
</td>
<td><a href="Dicyan" title="Dicyan">Dicyan</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>460-19-5
</td>
<td>−27,83
</td>
<td>−21,15
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS7_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>
</td>
<td>66,06
</td>
<td><a href="Malonitril" class="mw-redirect" title="Malonitril">Malonitril</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>109-77-3
</td>
<td>32–34
</td>
<td>220
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>7</sub>NO
</td>
<td>85,11
</td>
<td><a href="Acetoncyanhydrin" title="Acetoncyanhydrin">Acetoncyanhydrin</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>75-86-5
</td>
<td>−20
</td>
<td>82
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxikologie">Toxikologie</h3></div>
<p>Die Aufnahme von <a href="Cyanwasserstoff" title="Cyanwasserstoff">Cyanwasserstoff</a> führt selbst bei kleinen Mengen leicht zur <a href="Cyanidvergiftung" title="Cyanidvergiftung">Cyanidvergiftung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Für die Toxizität vieler Nitrile spielt die Freisetzung von Cyanwasserstoff eine Rolle, sie ist jedoch nicht allein dafür verantwortlich.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:31_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliphatische Nitrile können beim Einatmen über die Lunge aufgenommen werden und sie durchdringen Haut und Schleimhäute.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malonitril setzt im Metabolismus besonders viel Cyanwasserstoff frei, Acetonitril besonders wenig. Malonitril kann außerdem, ebenso wie das Cyanidion, die <a href="Cytochrom-c-Oxidase" title="Cytochrom-c-Oxidase">Cytochrom-<i>c</i>-Oxidase</a> hemmen. Bei ungesättigten Nitrilen wie <a href="Allylcyanid" title="Allylcyanid">Allylcyanid</a> und <a href="Acrylnitril" title="Acrylnitril">Acrylnitril</a> steht eine <a href="Akutes_cholinerges_Syndrom" title="Akutes cholinerges Syndrom">cholinerge Symptomatik</a> im Vordergrund. Während bei ihnen die Freisetzung von Cyanwasserstoff nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt, vermögen sie mit <a href="Thiole" title="Thiole">Thiolgruppen</a>, wie sie in Proteinen des Körpergewebes vorkommen, zu reagieren und dadurch gesundheitsschädliche Auswirkungen zu zeitigen.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viele Nitrile verursachen neurologische Symptome, die vermutlich auf die Freisetzung von Cyanwasserstoff zurückzuführen sind. Weitere Symptome, die vermutlich nicht mit der HCN-Freisetzung zusammenhängen, sind Reizungen von Atemwegen und Verdauungstrakt, Übelkeit sowie <a href="Hepatotoxizit%C3%A4t" title="Hepatotoxizität">Leber-</a> und <a href="Nephrotoxin" title="Nephrotoxin">Nierenschäden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Während die Freisetzung von Cyanwasserstoff bei den meisten Nitrilen von untergeordneter Bedeutung ist, basiert die Giftigkeit der <a href="Cyanogene_Glycoside" title="Cyanogene Glycoside">cyanogenen Glycoside</a> direkt auf der Bildung von Cyanwasserstoff beziehungsweise Cyanid. Diese sind auch für die mögliche Giftigkeit verschiedener Speisepflanzen verantwortlich, darunter <a href="Maniok" title="Maniok">Maniok</a>, Aprikosenkerne und <a href="Leinsamen" title="Leinsamen">Leinsamen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyanid als Anion des Cyanwasserstoffs bindet in den <a href="Mitochondrium" title="Mitochondrium">Mitochondrien</a> an Eisen-<a href="Cofaktor_(Biochemie)" title="Cofaktor (Biochemie)">Cofactoren</a> der Cytochrom-<i>c</i>-Oxidase, was den Sauerstoff-Umsatz und die <a href="Adenosintriphosphat" title="Adenosintriphosphat">ATP-Produktion</a> in den Zellen verhindert, unabhängig von der Verfügbarkeit von <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">Sauerstoff</a>. Dies führt zunächst zu Symptomen wie <a href="Arterielle_Hypertonie" title="Arterielle Hypertonie">erhöhtem Blutdruck</a>, <a href="Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">Hyperventilation</a>, <a href="Tachykardie" title="Tachykardie">Herzrasen</a> und Kopfschmerzen und schließlich zu <a href="Stupor" title="Stupor">Stupor</a>, <a href="Krampf" title="Krampf">Krämpfen</a> und <a href="Atemstillstand" title="Atemstillstand">Atemstillstand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen">Vorkommen</h2></div>
<p>Schon in den 90er-Jahren waren über 100 natürlich vorkommende Nitrile bekannt,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inzwischen sind mehrere hundert bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Verbindungen kommen in Bakterien, Pilzen, Pflanzen sowie <a href="Gliederf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Gliederfüßer">Gliederfüßern</a> und <a href="Schw%C3%A4mme" title="Schwämme">Schwämmen</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="Biosynthese" title="Biosynthese">Biosynthese</a> natürlich vorkommender Nitrile geht oft von Aminosäuren aus. Deren <i>N</i>-Hydroxylierung und <a href="Decarboxylierung" title="Decarboxylierung">Decarboxylierung</a> (Abspaltung der Carbonsäuregruppe als Kohlenstoffdioxid) ergibt <a href="Oxime" title="Oxime">Aldoxime</a>, die die direkten Vorläufer der Nitrile sind.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vorkommen_in_Pflanzen">Vorkommen in Pflanzen</h3></div>
<p>Viele Nitrile kommen als Sekundärmetaboliten in Pflanzen vor.
</p><p>Im <a href="Ricinus_communis" title="Ricinus communis">Wunderbaum</a> (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) kommt neben dem hochgiftigen Protein <a href="Rizin" title="Rizin">Ricin</a> auch das <a href="Alkaloide" title="Alkaloide">Alkaloid</a> <a href="Ricinin" title="Ricinin">Ricinin</a> vor, das eine Nitrilfunktion trägt.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das strukturell eng verwandte <a href="Nudiflorin" title="Nudiflorin">Nudiflorin</a> kommt in <i>Trevia nudiflora</i> (Familie <a href="Wolfsmilchgew%C3%A4chse" title="Wolfsmilchgewächse">Wolfsmilchgewächse</a>) vor.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Brauner_Senf" title="Brauner Senf">braunem Senf</a> kommt <a href="Indolacetonitril" title="Indolacetonitril">Indolacetonitril</a> vor, das aus <a href="Indolacetaldoxim" title="Indolacetaldoxim">Indolacetaldoxim</a> gebildet wird und vermutlich zur Verteidigung gegen pathogene Pilze dient.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Jojoba" title="Jojoba">Jojoba</a> kommt neben anderen Nitrilen <a href="Simmondsin" title="Simmondsin">Simmondsin</a> vor, ein <a href="Glycoside" title="Glycoside">Glycosid</a> mit einem α,β-ungesättigten Nitril im <a href="Aglycon" title="Aglycon">Aglycon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine ähnliche Verbindung, das <a href="Menisdaurin" title="Menisdaurin">Menisdaurin</a>, kommt in der <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Stechpalme" title="Europäische Stechpalme">Gewöhnlichen Stechpalme</a> (<i>Ilex aquifolium</i>) vor.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch in mehreren Arten der Gattung <i><a href="Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> kommen α,β-ungesättigte Nitrile vor, darunter das <a href="Sutherlandin" title="Sutherlandin">Sutherlandin</a> und das <a href="Acacipetalin" title="Acacipetalin">Acacipetalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im <a href="Meerrettichbaum" title="Meerrettichbaum">Meerrettichbaum</a> (<i><a href="Meerrettichbaum" title="Meerrettichbaum">Moringa oleifera</a></i>) kommt <a href="Niazirin" title="Niazirin">Niazirin</a> vor, ein Glycosid von <a href="4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitril" title="4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitril">4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="Duftende_Platterbse" title="Duftende Platterbse">Duftende Platterbse</a> (<i>Lathyrus odoratus</i>) verursacht die Krankheit <a href="Lathyrismus" title="Lathyrismus">Lathyrismus</a>, wofür <i>N</i>-Glutamyl-3-aminopropionitril<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und sein Abbauprodukt <a href="3-Aminopropionitril" title="3-Aminopropionitril">3-Aminopropionitril</a> verantwortlich sind.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das ätherische Öl von <i>Heracleum transcaucasicum</i> (Gattung <a href="B%C3%A4renklau" title="Bärenklau">Bärenklau</a>) enthält <a href="Geranylnitril" title="Geranylnitril">Geranylnitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="3-Cyanpyridin" title="3-Cyanpyridin">Pyridin-3-carbonitril</a> kommt im <a href="Einj%C3%A4hriges_Bingelkraut" title="Einjähriges Bingelkraut">Einjährigen Bingelkraut</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Cyanolipide" title="Cyanolipide">Cyanolipide</a> sind eine Klasse von <a href="Lipide" title="Lipide">Lipiden</a>, die ausschließlich in <a href="Seifenbaumgew%C3%A4chse" title="Seifenbaumgewächse">Seifenbaumgewächsen</a> (Sapindaceae) vorkommen. Die Alkoholkomponente ist bei diesen ein ungesättigtes Nitril mit fünf Kohlenstoffatomen und ein oder zwei Hydroxygruppen, im Gegensatz zum <a href="Glycerin" title="Glycerin">Glycerin</a> in den <a href="Glyceride" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceride">Glyceriden</a>. Zu den Seifenbaumgewächsen, die Cyanolipide enthalten, gehören <a href="Waschnussbaum" title="Waschnussbaum">Waschnussbaum</a> und <a href="Guaran%C3%A1" title="Guaraná">Guaraná</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyanwasserstoff wird von vielen Pflanzen freigesetzt, die entsprechende cyanogene Verbindungen enthalten, vor allem cyanogene Glycoside und Cyanolipide.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pflanzen wirkt Cyanwasserstoff auch als Signalmolekül.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;">
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<div class="gallerytext">Ricinuspflanze</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Ricinin</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Guaraná, ein Seifenbaumgewächs, enthält Cyanolipide</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Eine Alkoholkomponente von Cyanolipiden, die zum Beispiel in Guaraná vorkommt</div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrile_aus_Glucosinolaten_in_Kreuzblütlern"><span id="Nitrile_aus_Glucosinolaten_in_Kreuzbl.C3.BCtlern"></span>Nitrile aus Glucosinolaten in Kreuzblütlern</h4></div>
<p>Eine Gruppe von Naturstoffen, die als Vorläufer von Nitrilen auftreten, sind die <a href="Senf%C3%B6lglycoside" title="Senfölglycoside">Glucosinolate</a> (Senfölglycoside), die ähnlich wie bei der direkten Biosynthese von Nitrilen über ein Aldoxim gebildet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Glucosinolate sind eine wichtige Gruppe von Sekundärmetaboliten, die Pflanzen der Familie der <a href="Kreuzbl%C3%BCtler" title="Kreuzblütler">Kreuzblütler</a> (Brassicaceae) zur Verteidigung gegen Fressfeinde und Mikroorganismen dienen. Glucosinolate werden durch <a href="Myrosinase" title="Myrosinase">Myrosinase</a> im Normalfall zu <a href="Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanaten</a> abgebaut; in Gegenwart eines zusätzlichen Proteins (<i>epithio specifier protein</i>) jedoch unter anderem zu Nitrilen.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sinigrin" title="Sinigrin">Sinigrin</a> kommt vor allem in <a href="Meerrettich" title="Meerrettich">Meerrettich</a>, <a href="Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a> und <a href="Brauner_Senf" title="Brauner Senf">braunem Senf</a> vor, aber auch in <a href="Kopfkohl" title="Kopfkohl">Kopfkohl</a>, <a href="Gr%C3%BCnkohl" title="Grünkohl">Grünkohl</a>, <a href="Blumenkohl" title="Blumenkohl">Blumenkohl</a> und <a href="Rosenkohl" title="Rosenkohl">Rosenkohl</a>, und wird neben <a href="Allylisothiocyanat" title="Allylisothiocyanat">Allylisothiocyanat</a> unter anderem zu Allylcyanid (3-Butennitril) abgebaut.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Glucotropaeolin" title="Glucotropaeolin">Glucotropaeolin</a>, das in <a href="Gartenkresse" title="Gartenkresse">Gartenkresse</a> vorkommt, wird unter anderem zu <a href="Phenylacetonitril" title="Phenylacetonitril">Phenylacetonitril</a> abgebaut, <a href="Gluconasturtiin" title="Gluconasturtiin">Gluconasturtiin</a>, das in <a href="Echte_Brunnenkresse" title="Echte Brunnenkresse">Brunnenkresse</a> vorkommt, unter anderem zu <a href="3-Phenylpropionitril" title="3-Phenylpropionitril">Phenylpropionitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sinalbin" title="Sinalbin">Sinalbin</a>, das in <a href="Pfeilkresse" title="Pfeilkresse">Pfeilkresse</a> vorkommt, kann analog zu 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitril abgebaut werden.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="gallerytext">Brunnenkresse</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Struktur des Gluconasturtiins</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Struktur des Phenylpropionitrils</div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyanhydrine_und_cyanogene_Glycoside">Cyanhydrine und cyanogene Glycoside</h4></div>
<p><a href="Cyanhydrine" title="Cyanhydrine">Cyanhydrine</a> und deren <a href="Glycoside" title="Glycoside">Glycoside</a>, die als <a href="Cyanogene_Glycoside" title="Cyanogene Glycoside">cyanogene Glycoside</a> bezeichnet werden, sind in der Natur weitverbreitet und kommen in mehreren Tausend Pflanzenarten vor.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Über einhundert natürlich vorkommende cyanogene Glycoside sind bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyanogene Glycoside dienen Pflanzen zur Verteidigung, aber möglicherweise auch als <a href="Reservestoff" title="Reservestoff">Speicherform</a> für <a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">Stickstoff</a>. Sie werden ausgehend von einer kleinen Zahl <a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren">Aminosäuren</a> und diversen <a href="Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate">Zuckern</a> gebildet.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei Beschädigung der Pflanze kommen die Glycoside mit <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzymen</a> (<a href="%CE%92-Glucosidase" title="Β-Glucosidase">β-Glucosidasen</a> und <a href="Hydroxynitrillyase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxynitrillyase">α-Hydroxynitrillyasen</a>) in Kontakt, die zuerst das Aglycon (ein Cyanhydrin) freisetzen und dieses dann zu einer Carbonylverbindung und giftiger Blausäure abbauen. <a href="Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">Amygdalin</a> ist ein Glycosid des <a href="Mandelonitril" title="Mandelonitril">Mandelonitrils</a> und eines der am weitesten verbreiteten cyanogenen Glycoside und kommt insbesondere in den Samen der <a href="Rosengew%C3%A4chse" title="Rosengewächse">Rosengewächse</a> (Rosaceae) vor, darunter <a href="Kulturapfel" title="Kulturapfel">Apfel</a>, <a href="Aprikose" title="Aprikose">Aprikose</a>, <a href="Pfirsich" title="Pfirsich">Pfirsich</a>, <a href="Pflaume" title="Pflaume">Pflaume</a>, <a href="Vogelkirsche_(Baum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogelkirsche (Baum)">Kirsche</a> und <a href="Mandelbaum" title="Mandelbaum">Mandel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Während Amygdalin nur in Kernen von Pfirsichen vorkommt, enthalten die sonstigen Teile der Pflanze vorwiegend <a href="Prunasin" title="Prunasin">Prunasin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prunasin ist ebenfalls ein Glycosid des Mandelonitrils, allerdings ist die Zuckereinheit ein Monosaccharid (kein Disaccharid wie bei Amygdalin). Prunasin kommt als biosynthetischer Vorläufer von Amygdalin in Mandeln und Bittermandeln vor.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prunasin kommt außerdem in <a href="Lorbeerkirsche" title="Lorbeerkirsche">Kirschlorbeer</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Passionsblumen" title="Passionsblumen">Passionsfrüchten</a> kommen Prunasin und <a href="Sambunigrin" title="Sambunigrin">Sambunigrin</a> sowie einige andere cyanogene Glycoside vor; in <a href="Papaya" title="Papaya">Papaya</a> hauptsächlich Prunasin.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sambunigrin, ebenfalls ein Glycosid von Mandelonitril, kommt auch in mehreren Arten der Gattung <a href="Holunder" title="Holunder">Holunder</a> (<i>Sambucus</i>) vor, unter anderem im <a href="Schwarzer_Holunder" title="Schwarzer Holunder">Schwarzen Holunder</a> und im <a href="Kanadischer_Holunder" title="Kanadischer Holunder">Kanadischen Holunder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie in <i><a href="Ximenia_americana" title="Ximenia americana">Ximenia americana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Vicianin" title="Vicianin">Vicianin</a>, ein weiteres Glycosid des Mandelonitrils, kommt in Farnen der Gattung <i>Davellia</i> (Familie <a href="Davalliaceae" title="Davalliaceae">Davelliaceae</a>) vor.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dhurrin" title="Dhurrin">Dhurrin</a> ist ein cyanogenes Glycosid des <a href="4-Hydroxymandelonitril" title="4-Hydroxymandelonitril">4-Hydroxymandelonitrils</a>, das in <a href="Sorghumhirse" title="Sorghumhirse">Sorghumhirse</a> und anderen Arten der Gattung <i><a href="Sorghumhirsen" title="Sorghumhirsen">Sorghum</a></i> vorkommt, darunter in <i><a href="Sorghum_halepense" title="Sorghum halepense">Sorghum halepense</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Linamarin" title="Linamarin">Linamarin</a> (mit dem Aglycon <a href="Acetoncyanhydrin" title="Acetoncyanhydrin">Acetoncyanhydrin</a>) und <a href="Lotaustralin" title="Lotaustralin">Lotaustralin</a> (mit dem Agylcon <a href="Butanoncyanhydrin" title="Butanoncyanhydrin">Butanoncyanhydrin</a>) treten in den Gattungen <i><a href="Linum_(Gattung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Linum (Gattung)">Linum</a></i> (zum Beispiel in <a href="Gemeiner_Lein" title="Gemeiner Lein">Flachs</a>) und <i><a href="Lotosblumen" title="Lotosblumen">Lotus</a></i> sowie in der <a href="Gartenbohne" title="Gartenbohne">Gartenbohne</a> gemeinsam auf.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch in Maniok kommen beide Verbindungen vor.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der Mistelart <i>Loranthus micranthus</i> (Gattung <i>Loranthus</i>) kommt Linamaringallat vor, ein Derivat bei dem Linamarin zusätzlich mit <a href="Galluss%C3%A4ure" title="Gallussäure">Gallussäure</a> verestert ist.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der <a href="Kautschukbaum" title="Kautschukbaum">Kautschukbaum</a> enthält ebenfalls Linamarin und Studien haben ergeben, dass die Verbindung in diesem Fall wahrscheinlich auch eine wichtige Speichersubstanz ist und nicht nur der Verteidigung dient. Die Samen enthalten besonders große Mengen der Verbindung, die bei der Entwicklung der Keimlinge umgewandelt wird, ohne dass Blausäure freigesetzt wird, was darauf hindeutet, dass das Linamarin für andere biosynthetische Prozesse verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="gallerytext">Pfirsichbaum</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Struktur des Amygdalins</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Mandelonitril, das Aglycon von Amygdalin und Prunasin</div>
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</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vorkommen_in_Tieren">Vorkommen in Tieren</h3></div>
<p>In vielen <a href="Gliederf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Gliederfüßer">Gliederfüßern</a> (Arthropoda) kommen cyanogene (Blausäure freisetzende) Nitrilverbindungen vor, unter anderem in <a href="Hundertf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Hundertfüßer">Hundertfüßern</a> (Chilopoda), <a href="Doppelf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Doppelfüßer">Doppelfüßern</a> (Diplopoda), <a href="Schnabelkerfe" title="Schnabelkerfe">Schnabelkerfen</a> (Hemiptera), <a href="K%C3%A4fer" title="Käfer">Käfern</a> (Coleoptera) und <a href="Schmetterlinge" title="Schmetterlinge">Schmetterlingen</a> (Lepidoptera).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im <a href="Stachelbeerspanner" title="Stachelbeerspanner">Stachelbeerspanner</a> (<i>Abraxas grossulariata</i>) kommt ein nitrilhaltiges Glycosid, <a href="Sarmentosin" title="Sarmentosin">Sarmentosin</a>, vor, das vermutlich der Verteidigung dient.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmentosin kommt außerdem in mehreren Arten der Gattung <i>Parnassius</i> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mehrere Arten der <a href="Glasfl%C3%BCgelwanzen" title="Glasflügelwanzen">Glasflügelwanzen</a> (unter anderem <i><a href="Jadera_haematoloma" title="Jadera haematoloma">Jadera haematoloma</a></i>) enthalten Cyanolipide beziehungsweise <a href="Cardiospermin" title="Cardiospermin">Cardiospermin</a>, die sie möglicherweise aus ihren Nahrungspflanzen <a href="Sequestrierung_von_Toxinen" title="Sequestrierung von Toxinen">sequestrieren</a>, das heißt aufnehmen und einlagern.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sechsfleck-Widderchen" title="Sechsfleck-Widderchen">Sechsfleck-Widderchen</a> sind Schmetterlinge, die die cyanogenen Glycoside Linamarin und Lotaustralin sowohl aus ihren Nahrungspflanzen sequestrieren als auch selbst synthetisieren können.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch andere Arten aus der gleichen Gattung (<i>Zygaena</i>) wie das <a href="Sumpfhornklee-Widderchen" title="Sumpfhornklee-Widderchen">Sumpfhornklee-Widderchen</a> enthalten cyanogene Glycoside.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Wehrsekret des Hundertfüßers <i>Himantarium gabrielis</i> enthält <a href="Benzoylcyanid" title="Benzoylcyanid">Benzoylcyanid</a>, Phenylacetonitril, Mandelonitril (Benzaldehydcyanhydrin) und <a href="Mandelonitrilbenzoat" title="Mandelonitrilbenzoat">Mandelonitrilbenzoat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenylacetonitril kommt auch als <a href="Hormon" title="Hormon">Hormon</a> bei der <a href="W%C3%BCstenheuschrecke" title="Wüstenheuschrecke">Wüstenheuschrecke</a> (<i>Schistocerca gregaria</i>) vor.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei verschiedenen <a href="Bandf%C3%BC%C3%9Fer" title="Bandfüßer">Bandfüßern</a> (Polydesmida) enthält das Wehrsekret ebenfalls Benzoylcyanid.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der <a href="Milben" title="Milben">Milbenart</a> <i>Oribatula tibialis</i> (Ordnung <a href="Hornmilben" title="Hornmilben">Hornmilben</a>, Oribatida) kommt <a href="Mandelonitrilhexanoat" title="Mandelonitrilhexanoat">Mandelonitrilhexanoat</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als Abbauprodukt der cyanogenen Verbindungen kommt in Gliederfüßern auch Cyanwasserstoff vor.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Stachelbeerspanner</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Wüstenheuschrecke</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i>Himantarium gabrielis</i></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Benzoylcyanid kommt in den Wehrsekreten verschiedener Arthropoda vor</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Neben den Arthropoda enthalten auch Meerestiere Nitrilverbindungen. Dazu gehören das <a href="Bursatellin" title="Bursatellin">Bursatellin</a> aus <a href="Breitfu%C3%9Fschnecken" title="Breitfußschnecken">Seehasen</a> der Gattung <i>Bursatella</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und die aus Schwämmen isolierten Calyculine.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei den <a href="Albanitrile" title="Albanitrile">Albanitrilen</a> aus Schwämmen der Gattung <i>Mycale</i> handelt es sich um lineare Verbindungen (Kettenlänge 16 bis 18), die an einem oder beiden Enden eine Nitrilfunktion und zusätzlich mehrere C≡C-Dreifachbindungen aufweisen.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vorkommen_in_Pilzen">Vorkommen in Pilzen</h3></div>
<p>Viele Pilze bilden Cyanwasserstoff aus <a href="Glycin" title="Glycin">Glycin</a>. Dazu gehören Vertreter der Gattungen Trichterlinge (<i>Clitocybe</i>), <a href="Schwindlinge" title="Schwindlinge">Schwindlinge</a> (<i>Marasmius</i>), <a href="Stielporlinge" title="Stielporlinge">Stielporlinge</a> (<i>Polyporus</i>) und <a href="Ritterlinge" title="Ritterlinge">Ritterlinge</a> (<i>Tricholoma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Epurpurine sind eine Gruppe gelber Phenolfarbstoffe, die jeweils zwei Nitrilgruppen tragen und in <i>Emericella purpurea</i> vorkommen.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Diatretin_II" title="Diatretin II">Diatretin II</a> kommt im Fleischfalben Trichterling (<i>Clitocybe diatreta</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und dem <a href="Violetter_R%C3%B6telritterling" title="Violetter Rötelritterling">violetten Rötelritterling</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im <a href="Nelken-Schwindling" title="Nelken-Schwindling">Nelken-Schwindling</a> kommt das Cyanhydrin der <a href="Glyoxyls%C3%A4ure" title="Glyoxylsäure">Glyoxalsäure</a> vor, das aus zwei Molekülen Glycin gebildet wird und bei Beschädigung des Pilzes Blausäure freisetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vorkommen_in_Bakterien">Vorkommen in Bakterien</h3></div>
<p>Cyanwasserstoff wird von diversen Bodenbakterien gebildet, darunter Cyanobakterien und Vertreter der Gattungen <i>Aeromonas</i>, <i>Bacillus</i> und <i>Pseudomonas</i>. Die Biosynthese erfolgt ausgehend von Glycin.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aus <i><a href="Pseudomonas_veronii" title="Pseudomonas veronii">Pseudomonas veronii</a></i> wurde eine Gruppen von Alkannitrilen isoliert: <a href="Dodecannitril" title="Dodecannitril">Dodecannitril</a>, <a href="Tridecannitril" title="Tridecannitril">Tridecannitril</a>, Tetradecannitril, <a href="Pentadecannitril" title="Pentadecannitril">Pentadecannitril</a> und <a href="Hexadecannitril" title="Hexadecannitril">Hexadecannitril</a>, außerdem Verbindungen mit ähnlicher Kettenlänge, die aber eine Doppelbindung aufweisen. Aus <i>Micromonospora echinospora</i> wurden ebenfalls Verbindungen mit ähnlicher Kettenlänge isoliert, die aber eine Methylverzweigung am Kettenende, eine Doppelbindung, oder beides aufweisen.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aus <i>Streptomyces regensis</i> ist ein Cyanhydrin bekannt, das zusätzlich eine <a href="Phosphons%C3%A4uren" title="Phosphonsäuren">Phosphonsäuregruppe</a> aufweist.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das <a href="Aetokthonotoxin" title="Aetokthonotoxin">Aethokthonotoxin</a> aus dem <a href="Cyanobakterien" title="Cyanobakterien">Cyanobakterium</a> <i>Aetokthonos hydrillicola</i> ist ein bromiertes Indolderivat, das zusätzlich eine Nitrilgruppe trägt. Es ist ein <a href="Neurotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxin</a>, das oft zum Tod von <a href="Wei%C3%9Fkopfseeadler" title="Weißkopfseeadler">Weißkopfseeadlern</a> führt, die es über die Nahrung aufnehmen.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vorkommen_im_Weltall">Vorkommen im Weltall</h3></div>
<p>Nitrile gehören zu den häufigsten organischen Molekülen im Weltall und mehr als zehn Verbindungen wurden eindeutig nachgewiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyanwasserstoff war eine der ersten mehratomigen Spezies, die im Weltall nachgewiesen wurde und kommt dort vergleichsweise häufig und in größeren Mengen vor.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zu den im Weltall nachgewiesenen Nitrilen gehören außerdem <a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a> und <a href="Aminoacetonitril" title="Aminoacetonitril">Aminoacetonitril</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:28_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie <a href="Butyronitril" title="Butyronitril">Isobutyronitril</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Cyanoacetylen" title="Cyanoacetylen">Cyanoacetylen</a> und <a href="Cyanopolyine" title="Cyanopolyine">Cyanopolyine</a> mit zwei bis fünf konjugierten Dreifachbindungen.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der Atmosphäre des Saturnmondes <a href="Titan_(Mond)" title="Titan (Mond)">Titan</a> kommen Cyanwasserstoff, Cyanoacetylen und <a href="Dicyan" title="Dicyan">Dicyan</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bedeutung_für_die_Entstehung_des_Lebens"><span id="Bedeutung_f.C3.BCr_die_Entstehung_des_Lebens"></span>Bedeutung für die Entstehung des Lebens</h3></div>
<p>Nitrile spielten möglicherweise eine wichtige Rolle bei der <a href="Chemische_Evolution" title="Chemische Evolution">Entstehung des Lebens</a> auf der Erde.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mehreren Experimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass es viele mögliche Umgebungsbedingungen gibt unter denen Cyanwasserstoff entstehen kann. Ausgangsprodukte können Gasgemische aus <a href="Methan" title="Methan">Methan</a>, <a href="Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid">Kohlenstoffdioxid</a>, Stickstoff, <a href="Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">Ammoniak</a> und/oder <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a> sein. Denkbar sind außerdem verschiedene Formen einer Energiezufuhr wie elektrische Entladungen oder <a href="Ultraviolettstrahlung" title="Ultraviolettstrahlung">UV-Strahlung</a>. Aus Cyanwasserstoff wiederum bilden sich unter einfachen Bedingungen weitere Moleküle.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So werden Cyanwasserstoff und andere Nitrile wie Cyanoacetylen und Dicyan als Vorläufer der <a href="Nukleinbasen" title="Nukleinbasen">Nukleinbasen</a> vermutet.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:29_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aminonitrile wiederum sind wahrscheinliche Vorläufer der Aminosäuren und <a href="Peptid" title="Peptid">Peptide</a>, zum Beispiel Aminoacetonitril von Glycin. Hierbei wird ein Prozess analog zur Strecker-Synthese vermutet, sodass sich zunächst aus Cyanid, <a href="Acetaldehyd" title="Acetaldehyd">Acetaldehyd</a> und Ammoniak das α-Aminopropionitril bilden könnte, das anschließend zu <a href="Alanin" title="Alanin">Alanin</a> hydrolysiert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herstellung">Herstellung</h2></div>
<p>Für die Herstellung von Nitrilen existiert eine große Anzahl an Methoden. Dazu gehören die <a href="Kolbe-Nitrilsynthese" title="Kolbe-Nitrilsynthese">Kolbe-Nitril-Synthese</a>, die Dehydratisierung von <a href="Carbons%C3%A4ureamide" title="Carbonsäureamide">Carbonsäureamiden</a> und <a href="Oxime" title="Oxime">Aldoximen</a> und die <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> primärer <a href="Amine" title="Amine">Amine</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additions-_und_Substitutionsreaktionen_mit_Cyanidgruppen">Additions- und Substitutionsreaktionen mit Cyanidgruppen</h3></div>
<p>Ein mögliches Herstellungsverfahren für Nitrile ist die Kolbe-Nitrilsynthese. Dabei entsteht in einer Substitutionsreaktion aus einem reaktionsfähigen <a href="Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe" title="Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe">Alkylhalogenid</a> und einem Alkalicyanid (<a href="Natriumcyanid" title="Natriumcyanid">Natriumcyanid</a> oder <a href="Kaliumcyanid" title="Kaliumcyanid">Kaliumcyanid</a>) das Alkannitril und ein Alkalihalogenid. Die Reaktion eignet sich besonders gut zur Umsetzung primärer sowie allylischer und benzylischer Halogenide. Sekundäre Alkylhalogenide liefern schlechtere Ausbeuten, tertiäre reagieren stattdessen nur durch <a href="Eliminierungsreaktion" title="Eliminierungsreaktion">Eliminierung</a>. Neben Halogeniden können auch andere Edukte mit guten Abgangsgruppen verwendet werden. <a href="Silbercyanid" title="Silbercyanid">Silbercyanid</a> ist im Gegensatz zu Alkalicyaniden zur Herstellung von Nitrilen nicht als Reagenz geeignet, da mit diesem vorzugsweise <a href="Isonitrile" title="Isonitrile">Isonitrile</a> gebildet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein Beispiel für eine Kolbe-Nitrilsynthese ist die Reaktion von <a href="Methyliodid" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyliodid">Methyliodid</a> mit Natriumcyanid zu <a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a> und <a href="Natriumiodid" title="Natriumiodid">Natriumiodid</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}I+NaCN\longrightarrow CH_{3}CN+NaI} }">
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</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/674918a9c31f1811438187d94f65fbc491d37606.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:34.06ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{3}I+NaCN\longrightarrow CH_{3}CN+NaI} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Analog kann <a href="1%2C3-Dibrompropan" title="1,3-Dibrompropan">1,3-Dibrompropan</a> mit Natriumcyanid zu <a href="Glutaronitril" title="Glutaronitril">Pentandinitril</a> umgesetzt werden<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <a href="1-Iodoctan" title="1-Iodoctan">1-Iodoctan</a> mit Kaliumcyanid zu <a href="Nonannitril" title="Nonannitril">Nonannitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mit Cyanwasserstoff / <a href="Triethylaluminium" title="Triethylaluminium">Triethylaluminium</a> oder mit <a href="Diethylaluminiumcyanid" title="Diethylaluminiumcyanid">Diethylaluminiumcyanid</a> können ebenfalls Cyanierungen durchgeführt werden, beispielsweise die Ringöffnung eines <a href="Epoxide" title="Epoxide">Epoxids</a> zu einem β-Cyanhydrin oder die 1,4-Addition von Cyanid an ein <a href="Enone" title="Enone">Enon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Trimethylsilylcyanid" title="Trimethylsilylcyanid">Trimethylsilylcyanid</a> ist ein weiteres Cyanierungsreagenz mit dem Epoxide zu β-Cyanhydrinen geöffnet werden können. Dabei wird das Sauerstoffatom silyliert.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mit Trimethylsilylcyanid gelingt außerdem die Substitution tertiärer Alkylhalogenide, die mit der Kolbe-Nitril-Synthese nicht möglich ist.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mit geeigneten Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren kann in einer <a href="Hydrocyanierung" title="Hydrocyanierung">Hydrocyanierung</a> Cyanwasserstoff an die Mehrfachbindungen von <a href="Alkene" title="Alkene">Alkenen</a> und Alkinen addiert werden, wodurch Nitrile erhalten werden. Hierzu werden meist <a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickelkatalysatoren</a> verwendet. Eine direkte Verwendung von Cyanwasserstoff ist oft nicht nötig, stattdessen eignen sich auch Syntheseäquivalente wie <a href="Acetoncyanhydrin" title="Acetoncyanhydrin">Acetoncyanhydrin</a> oder <a href="Isovaleronitril" title="Isovaleronitril">Isovaleronitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein wichtiger industrieller Prozess ist außerdem die Hydrocyanierung von <a href="1%2C3-Butadien" title="1,3-Butadien">Butadien</a> zu <a href="Adiponitril" title="Adiponitril">Adiponitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dehydratisierungsreaktionen">Dehydratisierungsreaktionen</h3></div>
<p><a href="Carbons%C3%A4ureamide" title="Carbonsäureamide">Carbonsäureamide</a> und <a href="Oxime" title="Oxime">Aldoxime</a> können durch <a href="Dehydratisierung_(Chemie)" title="Dehydratisierung (Chemie)">Dehydratisierung</a> (Abspaltung eines Wassermoleküls) zu Nitrilen umgesetzt werden, wofür eine große Zahl an Reagenzien und Methoden bekannt ist.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch für die Herstellung von Nitrilen durch die Dehydratisierung von <a href="Nitroalkane" title="Nitroalkane">Nitroalkanen</a> sind Methoden bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ein Reagenz für die Dehydratisierung von Carbonsäureamiden, das schon Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bekannt war, ist <a href="Phosphorpentoxid" title="Phosphorpentoxid">Phosphorpentoxid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amide können außerdem durch Umsetzung mit dreiwertigen Phosphorreagenzien wie <a href="Phosphortrichlorid" title="Phosphortrichlorid">Phosphortrichlorid</a> oder <a href="Triphenylphosphit" title="Triphenylphosphit">Triphenylphosphit</a> dehydratisiert werden;<sup id="cite_ref-:6_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie mit <a href="Diethylchlorphosphat" title="Diethylchlorphosphat">Diethylchlorphosphat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Thionylchlorid" title="Thionylchlorid">Thionylchlorid</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <a href="Phosgen" title="Phosgen">Phosgen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei Einsatz bestimmter <a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a>-Komplexe oder eines anderen geeigneten Katalysators kann Acetonitril als Dehydratisierungsreagenz wirken, um ein Amid in ein Nitril zu überführen, wobei es selbst zu <a href="Acetamid" title="Acetamid">Acetamid</a> reagiert. Analog kann auch <a href="Dichloracetonitril" title="Dichloracetonitril">Dichloracetonitril</a> verwendet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ähnliche Methoden verwenden <a href="Eisen(II)-chlorid" title="Eisen(II)-chlorid">Eisen(II)-chlorid-Tetrahydrat</a>, <a href="Zinktrifluormethansulfonat" title="Zinktrifluormethansulfonat">Zinktriflat</a> oder <a href="Uranylnitrat" title="Uranylnitrat">Uranylnitrat-Hexahydrat</a> als Katalysator und <a href="N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamid" title="N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamid"><i>N</i>-Methyl-<i>N</i>-trimethylsilyltrifluoracetamid</a> als Dehydratisierungsreagenz.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch mittels eines Reaktionssystems aus <a href="Triphenylphosphan" title="Triphenylphosphan">Triphenylphosphin</a>, <a href="Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a> und <a href="4-Methylmorpholin" title="4-Methylmorpholin"><i>N</i>-Methylmorpholin</a> können Carbonsäureamide dehydriert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine weitere Methode stellt die Dehydratisierung bei hohen Temperaturen (220–240 °C) in <a href="Hexamethylphosphors%C3%A4uretriamid" title="Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid">Hexamethylphosphorsäuretrisamid</a> (HMPT) dar.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Dehydratisierung von primären Amiden mit <a href="Zinkchlorid" title="Zinkchlorid">Zinkchlorid</a> unter Einwirkung von <a href="Mikrowellen" title="Mikrowellen">Mikrowellen</a> ist umkehrbar. In wässrigem Acetonitril kann ein Amid zum Nitril umgesetzt werden. In einem Wasser-<a href="Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">THF</a>-System mit Zusatz von Acetamid läuft hingegen die umgekehrte Reaktion von Nitril zu Amid ab.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sowohl Carbonsäureamide als auch Aldoxime können durch Umsetzung mit <a href="Aluminiumchlorid" title="Aluminiumchlorid">Aluminiumchlorid</a> und <a href="Natriumiodid" title="Natriumiodid">Natriumiodid</a> in Acetonitril dehydratisiert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ebenso können beide Verbindungsklassen mit <a href="Oxalylchlorid" title="Oxalylchlorid">Oxalylchlorid</a> und einer katalytischen Menge <a href="Dimethylsulfoxid" title="Dimethylsulfoxid">Dimethylsulfoxid</a> dehydratisiert werden, in einer Reaktion, die ähnlich einer <a href="Swern-Oxidation" title="Swern-Oxidation">Swern-Oxidation</a> abläuft.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch die Umsetzung zu Nitrilen unter Katalyse mit siebenwertigem <a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> (<a href="Perrheniums%C3%A4ure" title="Perrheniumsäure">Perrheniumsäure</a> oder <a href="Trimethylsilylperrhenat" title="Trimethylsilylperrhenat">Trimethylsilylperrhenat</a>) gelingt sowohl mit Amiden als auch mit Aldoximen. Als Nebenprodukt anfallendes Wasser kann durch <a href="Azeotrope_Destillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeotrope Destillation">azeotrope Destillation</a> entfernt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Aldoxime können außerdem mit <a href="Cyanurchlorid" title="Cyanurchlorid">Cyanurchlorid</a> dehydratisiert werden,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mit dem <a href="Burgess-Reagenz" title="Burgess-Reagenz">Burgess-Reagenz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie mit einer Kombination von <a href="Trifluormethansulfons%C3%A4ureanhydrid" title="Trifluormethansulfonsäureanhydrid">Trifluormethansulfonsäureanhydrid</a> und Triphenylphosphin, wobei letzteres zu <a href="Triphenylphosphanoxid" title="Triphenylphosphanoxid">Triphenylphosphinoxid</a> oxidiert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch eine katalytische Dehydrierung ist möglich, beispielsweise mit Eisen(III)-triflat,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mit <a href="Kupfer(II)-acetat" title="Kupfer(II)-acetat">Kupfer(II)-acetat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mit einem gemischten Hydroxid von <a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Zinn</a> und <a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a><sup id="cite_ref-:7_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder mit einem bimetallischen Palladium-<a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a>-Katalysator.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schließlich ist auch die enzymatische Dehydratisierung von Aldoximen mit Aldoxim-Dehydratasen möglich. Dabei handelt es sich um Enzyme, die in Bakterien vorkommen, darunter <i>Pseudomonas chlororaphis</i>, und die schon verschiedentlich zur Synthese von Nitrilen verwendet wurden.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herstellung_aus_Aldehyden_und_Ketonen">Herstellung aus Aldehyden und Ketonen</h3></div>
<p>Aldehyde können mit <a href="Hydroxylaminhydrochlorid" title="Hydroxylaminhydrochlorid">Hydroxylaminhydrochlorid</a> in Oxime überführt und dann weiter zu Nitrilen dehydratisiert werden (beispielsweise mit Oxalylchlorid).<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch direkte Umsetzungen von Aldehyden zu Nitrilen sind bekannt, möglich ist dies mittel <a href="Hydroxylamin-O-sulfons%C3%A4ure" title="Hydroxylamin-O-sulfonsäure">Hydroxylamin-<i>O</i>-sulfonsäure</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <i>O</i>-(4-Trifluormethylbenzoyl)hydroxylamin.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine solche Umsetzung ist auch mit Hydroxylamin möglich, wenn <a href="Titan(IV)-chlorid" title="Titan(IV)-chlorid">Titan(IV)-chlorid</a> oder ein gemischtes Hydroxid von Zinn und Wolfram als Katalysator verwendet wird<sup id="cite_ref-:7_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder wenn <a href="Sulfurylfluorid" title="Sulfurylfluorid">Sulfurylfluorid</a> oder <a href="Selendioxid" title="Selendioxid">Selenoxid</a> als zusätzliches Reagenz verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Tosylmethylisocyanid" title="Tosylmethylisocyanid">Tosylmethylisocyanid</a> (auch Van-Leusen-Reagenz genannt) ermöglicht die direkte Umwandlung eines Ketons in ein Nitril, was als <a href="Van-Leusen-Reaktion" title="Van-Leusen-Reaktion">Van-Leusen-Reaktion</a> bezeichnet wird. Dabei wird die gesamte Nitrilgruppe und damit auch ein zusätzliches Kohlenstoffatom eingeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herstellung_aus_Aminen">Herstellung aus Aminen</h3></div>
<p>Primäre Amine (R-CH<sub>2</sub>-NH<sub>2</sub>) können mittels verschiedener Methoden zu Nitrilen oxidiert werden. Es sind mehrere Verfahren bekannt, die Nitroxylradikale wie <a href="2%2C2%2C6%2C6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl" title="2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl">TEMPO</a> und dessen Derivat <a href="4-Acetamido-TEMPO" title="4-Acetamido-TEMPO">4-Acetamido-TEMPO</a> als katalytisches Oxidationsmittel verwenden. Diese können durch <a href="Kaliumperoxomonosulfat" title="Kaliumperoxomonosulfat">Oxone</a> als stöchiometrisches Oxidationsmittel regeneriert werden oder elektrochemisch durch Anlegen einer Spannung.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine andere Methode verwendet <a href="Kupfer(I)-chlorid" title="Kupfer(I)-chlorid">Kupfer(I)-chlorid</a> oder <a href="Kupfer(II)-chlorid" title="Kupfer(II)-chlorid">Kupfer(II)-chlorid</a> als Katalysator, Sauerstoff als stöchiometrisches Oxidationsmittel und zusätzlich ein <a href="Molekularsieb" title="Molekularsieb">Molsieb</a> zum Abfangen des entstehenden Wassers.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammoxidation">Ammoxidation</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Ammonoxidation" title="Ammonoxidation">Ammoxidation</a> ist eine heterogen katalysierte Gasphasenreaktion, in der aliphatische Verbindungen oder methylsubstituierte aromatische Verbindungen durch Umsetzung mit Sauerstoff (Luft) und <a href="Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">Ammoniak</a> zu Nitrilen umgesetzt werden, wobei Wasser als Nebenprodukt anfällt. Die Prozesstemperatur beträgt über 300 °C, als Katalysatoren kommen Oxide von <a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a>, <a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Chrom</a> oder <a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Molybdän</a> zum Einsatz.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Acrylnitril" title="Acrylnitril">Acrylnitril</a>, ein wichtiger Ausgangsstoff zur Herstellung von <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymeren</a> (siehe Abschnitt Verwendung), wird überwiegend durch Ammoxidation von <a href="Propen" title="Propen">Propylen</a> hergestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das wichtigste Herstellungsverfahren für Cyanwasserstoff ist der <a href="Andrussow-Verfahren" title="Andrussow-Verfahren">Andrussow-Prozess</a>, das heißt die Ammoxidation von <a href="Methan" title="Methan">Methan</a> mit einem <a href="Platin" title="Platin">Platin</a>-Katalysator. Eine erhebliche Menge des weltweit verwendeten Cyanwasserstoffs fällt allerdings auch bei der Herstellung von Acrylnitril als Nebenprodukt an.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonstige_Herstellungsverfahren">Sonstige Herstellungsverfahren</h3></div>
<p>Durch die Carbocyanierung kann ein Nitril an eine Mehrfachbindung addiert werden, wobei ein weiteres Nitril erhalten wird. Arylnitrile können unter Katalyse mit <a href="Bis(cycloocta-1%2C5-dien)nickel" title="Bis(cycloocta-1,5-dien)nickel">Bis(cyclooctadien)nickel(0)</a> und <a href="Trimethylphosphin" title="Trimethylphosphin">Trimethylphosphin</a> an Alkine addiert werden, wodurch α,β-ungesättigte Nitrile erhalten werden. Mit gewissen Änderungen an den Reaktionsbedingungen wie der Verwendung eines anderen <a href="Phosphane" title="Phosphane">Phosphins</a> oder Zusatz einer <a href="Lewis-S%C3%A4ure-Base-Konzept" title="Lewis-Säure-Base-Konzept">Lewis-Säure</a> wie Trimethylaluminium oder <a href="Triphenylboran" title="Triphenylboran">Triphenylboran</a>, können auch nichtaromatische Nitrile addiert werden, sowohl gesättigte als auch α,β-ungesättigte.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es sind auch Carbocyanierungen bekannt, bei denen zwei Moleküle verbunden werden und zusätzlich eine Nitrilgruppe eingeführt wird. Dies funktioniert durch Einsatz von <a href="Hexabutyldistannan" title="Hexabutyldistannan">Hexabutyldistannan</a> sowie von <a href="Tosylcyanid" title="Tosylcyanid">Tosylcyanid</a> als Quelle der Cyanidgruppe.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Carbonsäuren können durch Umsetzung mit <a href="Indium(III)-chlorid" title="Indium(III)-chlorid">Indium(III)-chlorid</a> in Acetonitril bei 200 °C in die entsprechenden Nitrile überführt werden. Dabei wirkt Acetonitril sowohl als Lösungsmittel als auch als Quelle für Stickstoffatome und wird bei der Reaktion zu <a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Essigsäure</a> umgesetzt. Die Reaktion verläuft über mehrere Mumm-Umlagerungen.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alkohole können durch eine <a href="Mitsunobu-Reaktion" title="Mitsunobu-Reaktion">Mitsunobu-Reaktion</a> in Nitrile überführt werden. Dazu kann <a href="Cyanomethylidentrimethylphosphoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanomethylidentrimethylphosphoran">Cyanomethylidentrimethylphosphoran</a> in Gegenwart von Acetoncyanhydrin verwendet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>N</i>-Alkylamide können im <a href="Von-Braun-Abbau" title="Von-Braun-Abbau">Von-Braun-Abbau</a> durch Umsetzung mit <a href="Phosphorpentachlorid" title="Phosphorpentachlorid">Phosphorpentachlorid</a> in Nitrile umgewandelt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative Reagenzien sind <a href="Phosphorpentabromid" title="Phosphorpentabromid">Phosphorpentabromid</a> und <a href="Carbonylbromid" title="Carbonylbromid">Carbonylbromid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herstellung_von_aromatischen_Nitrilen">Herstellung von aromatischen Nitrilen</h3></div>
<p>Die Herstellung von Arylnitrilen gelingt unter anderem durch die <a href="Sandmeyer-Reaktion" title="Sandmeyer-Reaktion">Sandmeyer-Reaktion</a> von <a href="Diazoniumsalze" title="Diazoniumsalze">Aryldiazoniumsalzen</a> mit <a href="Kupfer(I)-cyanid" title="Kupfer(I)-cyanid">Kupfer(I)-cyanid</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und durch die <a href="Rosenmund-von_Braun-Reaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenmund-von Braun-Reaktion">Rosenmund-von Braun-Reaktion</a> (direkte Umsetzung eines Arylbromids mit Kupfer(I)-cyanid).<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umsetzung von <a href="Thiocyanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiocyanat">Metallthiocyanaten</a> mit aromatischen Carbonsäuren wird als <a href="Letts-Nitrilsynthese" title="Letts-Nitrilsynthese">Letts-Nitrilsynthese</a> bezeichnet. Dafür kann <a href="Kaliumthiocyanat" title="Kaliumthiocyanat">Kaliumthiocyanat</a> verwendet werden, aber <a href="Blei(II)-thiocyanat" title="Blei(II)-thiocyanat">Bleithiocyanat</a> ergibt bessere Ergebnisse.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Aryliodide können unter Palladiumkatalyse mit Trimethylsilylcyanid zu aromatischen Nitrilen umgesetzt werden. So ergibt die Reaktion von <a href="Iodbenzol" title="Iodbenzol">Iodbenzol</a> mit Trimethylsilylcyanid und <a href="Tetrakis(triphenylphosphin)palladium(0)" title="Tetrakis(triphenylphosphin)palladium(0)">Tetrakis(triphenylphosphin)palladium(0)</a> (Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>) als Produkt <a href="Benzonitril" title="Benzonitril">Benzonitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine weitere Synthesemöglichkeit, die ebenfalls auf Palladiumkatalyse beruht (auch hierfür kann Pd(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> eingesetzt werden) ist die <a href="Decarbonylierung" title="Decarbonylierung">Decarbonylierung</a> aromatischer <a href="Acylcyanide" title="Acylcyanide">Acylcyanide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch die palladiumkatalysierte Cyanierung von Arylchloriden mit <a href="Kaliumcyanid" title="Kaliumcyanid">Kaliumcyanid</a><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <a href="Kaliumhexacyanidoferrat(II)" title="Kaliumhexacyanidoferrat(II)">Kaliumhexacyanidoferrat(II)</a><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist bekannt. <a href="Chinone" title="Chinone">Chinone</a> können mit Trimethylsilylcyanid zu silylierten Cyanhydrinen umgesetzt werden und anschließend mit <a href="Phosphortribromid" title="Phosphortribromid">Phosphortribromid</a> aromatisiert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine weitere mögliche Synthese von Arylnitrilen ist die Umsetzung von Arylgrignard-Verbindungen oder Aryllithium-Verbindungen mit <a href="Dimethylmalonitril" title="Dimethylmalonitril">Dimethylmalonitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herstellung_von_Cyanhydrinen">Herstellung von Cyanhydrinen</h3></div>
<p>Cyanhydrine können durch Addition eines Alkalicyanids an einen <a href="Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehyd</a> oder ein <a href="Ketone" title="Ketone">Keton</a> in Gegenwart von <a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Essigsäure</a> hergestellt werden. Für Substrate, die nach dieser Methode nicht reagieren, eignet sich <a href="Diethylaluminiumcyanid" title="Diethylaluminiumcyanid">Diethylaluminiumcyanid</a> als Alternative. Eine andere Methode ist die Transhydrocyanierung, bei der Cyanwasserstoff von <a href="Acetoncyanhydrin" title="Acetoncyanhydrin">Acetoncyanhydrin</a> auf ein Aldehyd oder Keton übertragen wird.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als Katalysatoren für letztere Reaktion eignen sich <a href="Alkoholate" title="Alkoholate">Alkoholate</a> von <a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthaniden</a> wie Lanthan(III)-isopropanolat,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cer(III)-isopropanolat,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samarium(III)-isopropanolat<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Ytterbium(III)-isopropanolat.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei der Addition von <a href="Trimethylsilylcyanid" title="Trimethylsilylcyanid">Trimethylsilylcyanid</a> an Ketone oder Aldehyde entstehen Cyanhydrine als Trimethylsilylether.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als Katalysatoren eignen sich <a href="Zinkiodid" title="Zinkiodid">Zinkiodid</a>, Kaliumcyanid mit <a href="18-Krone-6" title="18-Krone-6">[18]Krone-6</a> oder Ytterbium(III)-cyanid.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unter geeigneten Bedingungen können solche Reaktionen enantioselektiv erfolgen. Hierzu eignen sich Vanadium- oder <a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Titankatalysatoren</a>, die einen chiralen, <a href="Bis(salicyliden)ethylendiamin" title="Bis(salicyliden)ethylendiamin">Salen</a>-ähnlichen Liganden tragen. Eine andere Möglichkeit ist die Verwendung von <a href="Tetraisopropylorthotitanat" title="Tetraisopropylorthotitanat">Titan(IV)-isopropanolat</a> und einem chiralen <a href="Imine" title="Imine">Imin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herstellung_von_Acylcyaniden">Herstellung von Acylcyaniden</h3></div>
<p><a href="Acylcyanide" title="Acylcyanide">Acylcyanide</a> beziehungsweise α-Oxonitrile können in einigen Fällen durch Umsetzung von <a href="Carbons%C3%A4urehalogenide" title="Carbonsäurehalogenide">Carbonsäurehalogeniden</a> mit Übergangsmetallcyaniden (zum Beispiel <a href="Kupfer(I)-cyanid" title="Kupfer(I)-cyanid">Kupfercyanid</a> oder <a href="Silbercyanid" title="Silbercyanid">Silbercyanid</a>) hergestellt werden. Dies funktioniert besonders gut mit aromatischen Carbonsäurehalogeniden und mit <a href="Carbons%C3%A4urebromide" title="Carbonsäurebromide">Carbonsäurebromiden</a>, während aliphatische <a href="Carbons%C3%A4urechloride" title="Carbonsäurechloride">Carbonsäurechloride</a> gar nicht reagieren. Aliphatische Acylcyanide lassen sich durch Reaktion von Carbonsäurechloriden mit Trimethylsilylcyanid herstellen.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enantioselektive_Synthese_chiraler_Nitrile">Enantioselektive Synthese chiraler Nitrile</h3></div>
<p>Unter Rückgriff auf <a href="Chiral_Pool" title="Chiral Pool">Chiral-Pool</a>-Verbindungen können durch <a href="Enantioselektive_Synthese" title="Enantioselektive Synthese">enantioselektive Synthese</a> α-<a href="Chiralit%C3%A4t_(Chemie)" title="Chiralität (Chemie)">chirale</a> nitrilhaltige Wirkstoffe in <a href="Eutomer" title="Eutomer">eutomerer</a> Form, wie <a href="Vildagliptin" title="Vildagliptin">Vildagliptin</a> und <a href="Saxagliptin" title="Saxagliptin">Saxagliptin</a>, erhalten werden. Dabei können standardmäßige Reaktionen zur Erzeugung der Nitrilfunktion angewandt werden. So kann ein enantiomerenreines Amid oder Oxim hergestellt werden, beispielsweise aus der natürlich enantiomerenrein vorkommenden Aminosäure <a href="Prolin" title="Prolin">Prolin</a>, und dieses dehydratisiert werden. Wie zweckmäßig ein solches Verfahren ist, hängt allerdings vom jeweiligen Zielmolekül ab. Daneben sind auch asymmetrische Cyanierungsreaktionen bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wichtig ist die asymmetrische Hydrocyanierung von Carbonylverbindungen, siehe hierzu den Abschnitt Herstellung von Cyanhydrinen. Daneben sind auch viele asymmetrische Hydrocyanierungen von Iminen bekannt, die zu enantiomerenreinen α-Aminonitrilen führen.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaktionen">Reaktionen</h2></div>
<p>Die Nitrilfunktion hat eine große Bedeutung in der organischen Synthese, da sie einerseits über ein nucleophiles Stickstoffatom und ein elektrophiles Kohlenstoffatom verfügt, andererseits aber auch Komplexe bilden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrolyse">Hydrolyse</h3></div>
<p>Durch <a href="Hydrolyse" title="Hydrolyse">Hydrolyse</a> von Nitrilen kann man <a href="Carbons%C3%A4uren" title="Carbonsäuren">Carbonsäuren</a><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> herstellen. Die Hydrolyse kann sowohl sauer als auch basisch erfolgen, in beiden Fällen sind aber in der Regel drastische Bedingungen erforderlich. Bei der basischen Hydrolyse addiert sich ein <a href="Hydroxidion" title="Hydroxidion">Hydroxidion</a> an das Nitril und bildet eine Imidoverbindung. Bei der sauren Hydrolyse wird das Nitril zunächst protoniert und dann unter Addition von Wasser ebenfalls eine Imidoverbindung gebildet. Die Imidoverbindung lagert sich in beiden Fällen zu einem Carbonsäureamid um, das unter den jeweiligen Bedingungen zu einer Carbonsäure weiterreagieren kann.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<p>Es sind auch Enzyme bekannt, die als Nitrilasen bezeichnet werden und die direkte Hydrolyse von Nitrilen zu Carbonsäuren ohne Amide als Zwischenstufe katalysieren.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrile treten auch als Zwischenstufe bei der <a href="Strecker-Synthese" title="Strecker-Synthese">Strecker-Synthese</a> auf. Hierbei wird ein Aldehyd mit Ammoniak und Cyanid umgesetzt, wobei zunächst ein α-Aminonitril entsteht. Dessen Hydrolyse ergibt eine <a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren">α-Aminosäure</a>. Wegen der Bedeutung der Aminosäuren sowohl in der Natur als auch in der Industrie, hat die Strecker-Synthese eine enorme historische Bedeutung, ist aber auch heute noch wichtig.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nitrile können auch gezielt zu Amiden statt zu Carbonsäuren hydrolysiert werden, sowohl im Sauren als auch im Basischen. Dazu gehört die Hydrolyse mittels <a href="Trifluoressigs%C3%A4ure" title="Trifluoressigsäure">Trifluoressigsäure</a> mit <a href="Schwefels%C3%A4ure" title="Schwefelsäure">Schwefelsäure</a> beziehungsweise <a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Essigsäure</a> mit Schwefelsäure,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die Hydrolyse mit Wasser und <a href="Chlor(trimethyl)silan" title="Chlor(trimethyl)silan">Trimethylsilylchlorid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder mit <a href="Bortrifluorid" title="Bortrifluorid">Bortrifluorid</a> und wässriger Essigsäure.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basisch (hydroxid-katalysiert) ist die wässrige Hydrolyse mit Rutheniumhydroxid auf Alumina als Katalysator möglich,<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und die Umsetzung mit <a href="Natriumhydroxid" title="Natriumhydroxid">Natriumhydroxid</a> in <a href="2-Propanol" title="2-Propanol">Isopropanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Enzyme, die die Hydrolyse von Nitrilen zu Amiden katalysieren, werden als Nitrilhydratasen bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduktion">Reduktion</h3></div>
<p>Nitrile können mit verschiedenen Reagenzien reduziert werden. Durch <a href="Hydrierung" title="Hydrierung">katalytische Hydrierung</a> oder Umsetzung mit starken Hydridüberträgern wird so ein primäres <a href="Amine" title="Amine">Amin</a> erhalten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{R\!\!-\!\!C\!\!\equiv \!\!N}+2~H_{2}~~\longrightarrow ~~R\!\!-\!\!CH_{2}\!\!-\!\!NH_{2}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {{R\!\!-\!\!C\!\!\equiv \!\!N}+2~H_{2}~~\longrightarrow ~~R\!\!-\!\!CH_{2}\!\!-\!\!NH_{2}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8681625c2afaf1780eb646d5fedf11e0998963d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:36.084ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{R\!\!-\!\!C\!\!\equiv \!\!N}+2~H_{2}~~\longrightarrow ~~R\!\!-\!\!CH_{2}\!\!-\!\!NH_{2}} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein konkretes Beispiel ist hier <a href="Lithiumaluminiumhydrid" title="Lithiumaluminiumhydrid">Lithiumaluminiumhydrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weitere Reaktionssysteme, durch die Nitrile zu Aminen reduziert werden können, sind <a href="Raney-Nickel" title="Raney-Nickel">Raney-Nickel</a> mit <a href="Kaliumborhydrid" title="Kaliumborhydrid">Kaliumborhydrid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raney-Nickel mit <a href="Hydraziniumformiat" title="Hydraziniumformiat">Hydraziniumformiat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Raney-Cobalt" title="Raney-Cobalt">Raney-Cobalt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dimethoxyboran" title="Dimethoxyboran">Dimethoxyboran</a> mit <a href="Dinickelborid" title="Dinickelborid">Dinickelborid</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> auf <a href="Aluminiumoxid" title="Aluminiumoxid">Aluminiumoxid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Hydrierung von Adiponitril zu <a href="Hexamethylendiamin" title="Hexamethylendiamin">Hexamethylendiamin</a> ist ein wichtiger industrieller Prozess.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mit bestimmten Reagenzien wie <a href="Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid" title="Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid">Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid</a> läuft die Reaktion nur bis zum <a href="Imine" title="Imine">Imin</a>, durch dessen Hydrolyse ein <a href="Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehyd</a> erhalten werden kann:<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{R\!\!-\!\!C\!\!\equiv \!\!N}~~{\overset {\text{DIBAL}}{\xrightarrow {} }}~~R\!\!-\!\!CH\!\!=\!\!NH~~{\overset {\text{[H]}}{\xrightarrow {} }}~~R\!\!-\!\!CH\!\!=\!\!O} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {{R\!\!-\!\!C\!\!\equiv \!\!N}~~{\overset {\text{DIBAL}}{\xrightarrow {} }}~~R\!\!-\!\!CH\!\!=\!\!NH~~{\overset {\text{[H]}}{\xrightarrow {} }}~~R\!\!-\!\!CH\!\!=\!\!O} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fc02dd7075b8cf8e55f4777395665da842f0d06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:41.588ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{R\!\!-\!\!C\!\!\equiv \!\!N}~~{\overset {\text{DIBAL}}{\xrightarrow {} }}~~R\!\!-\!\!CH\!\!=\!\!NH~~{\overset {\text{[H]}}{\xrightarrow {} }}~~R\!\!-\!\!CH\!\!=\!\!O} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Auch mittels der <a href="Stephen-Aldehyd-Synthese" title="Stephen-Aldehyd-Synthese">Stephen-Reduktion</a> können aus Nitrilen Aldehyde erhalten werden. Dazu wird das Nitril mit <a href="Zinn(II)-chlorid" title="Zinn(II)-chlorid">Zinn(II)-chlorid</a> und <a href="Chlorwasserstoff" title="Chlorwasserstoff">Chlorwasserstoff</a> in <a href="Diethylether" title="Diethylether">Ether</a> umgesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additionen_von_Kohlenstoff-Nucleophilen">Additionen von Kohlenstoff-Nucleophilen</h3></div>
<p>Durch Addition von metallorganischen Verbindungen an Nitrile, darunter mit <a href="Grignard-Verbindungen" title="Grignard-Verbindungen">Grignard-Reagenzien</a>, entstehen Iminoverbindungen, deren Hydrolyse Ketone ergibt.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Addition sterisch gehinderter Verbindungen an Nitrile kann durch Zusatz von <a href="Kupfer(I)-bromid" title="Kupfer(I)-bromid">Kupfer(I)-bromid</a> deutlich beschleunigt werden. Ein Beispiel ist die Umsetzung von Benzonitril mit <a href="Tert-Butylmagnesiumchlorid" title="Tert-Butylmagnesiumchlorid"><i>tert</i>-Butylmagnesiumchlorid</a>, die ohne einen solchen Zusatz praktisch keinen Umsatz ergibt, mit dem Zusatz jedoch über 90 % innerhalb weniger Stunden.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei der <a href="Blaise-Reaktion" title="Blaise-Reaktion">Blaise-Reaktion</a> wird aus einem α-Bromester wie <a href="Bromessigs%C3%A4ureethylester" title="Bromessigsäureethylester">Ethylbromacetat</a> ein Zinkenolat gebildet und dieses dann an ein Nitril addiert. Durch Hydrolyse wird ein <a href="Ketoester" title="Ketoester">β-Ketoester</a> erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addition_von_O-_und_N-Nucleophilen">Addition von <i>O</i>- und <i>N</i>-Nucleophilen</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Pinner-Reaktion" title="Pinner-Reaktion">Pinner-Reaktion</a> werden unter saurer Katalyse Alkohole an Nitrile addiert, wodurch nach Neutralisation <a href="Imidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Imidate">Imidate</a> erhalten werden.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei einer neueren Variante der Reaktion wird als Lösungsmittel <a href="Cyclopentylmethylether" title="Cyclopentylmethylether">Cyclopentylmethylether</a> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine wichtige Reaktion, bei der ein Sauerstoff-Nucleophil an ein Nitril addiert wird, ist das <a href="Trichloracetonitril#O-Glycosyl-trichloracetimidate_zur_Aktivierung_von_Kohlenhydraten" title="Trichloracetonitril">Trichloracetimidat-Verfahren</a>. Hierbei wird ein <a href="Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate">Saccharid</a> (Zuckermolekül) durch Addition an <a href="Trichloracetonitril" title="Trichloracetonitril">Trichloracetonitril</a> in ein Trichloracetimidat überführt und so aktiviert, was die Synthese von Oligosacchariden ermöglicht.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine weitere wichtige Anwendung von Imidaten ist die <a href="Overman-Umlagerung" title="Overman-Umlagerung">Overman-Umlagerung</a>, eine Variante der <a href="Claisen-Umlagerung" title="Claisen-Umlagerung">Claisen-Umlagerung</a>. Dabei wird ein <a href="Allylalkohol" title="Allylalkohol">Allylalkohol</a> an Trichloracetonitril oder <a href="Trifluoracetonitril" title="Trifluoracetonitril">Trifluoracetonitril</a> addiert. Das gebildete Imidat wird zu einem <i>N</i>-Allylamid umgelagert.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei der <a href="Payne-Oxidation" title="Payne-Oxidation">Payne-Oxidation</a> wird durch Addition eines Hydroperoxid-Ions (aus <a href="Wasserstoffperoxid" title="Wasserstoffperoxid">Wasserstoffperoxid</a>) an ein Nitril, meist Acetonitril oder Benzonitril, eine <a href="Imidopers%C3%A4uren" title="Imidopersäuren">Imidopersäure</a> gebildet. Diese eignen sich für die <a href="Epoxide" title="Epoxide">Epoxidierung</a> von Alkenen, analog zu anderen <a href="Peroxycarbons%C3%A4uren" title="Peroxycarbonsäuren">Persäuren</a>, wie <a href="Meta-Chlorperbenzoes%C3%A4ure" title="Meta-Chlorperbenzoesäure"><i>meta</i>-Chlorperbenzoesäure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Addition von Aminen an Nitrile ergibt <a href="Amidine" title="Amidine">Amidine</a>. Eine solche Reaktion gelingt unter Katalyse mit <a href="Samarium(II)-iodid" title="Samarium(II)-iodid">Samarium(II)-iodid</a><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder mit <a href="Yttrium(III)-triflat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium(III)-triflat">Yttrium(III)-triflat</a>, <a href="Lanthan(III)-triflat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthan(III)-triflat">Lanthan(III)-triflat</a> sowie <a href="Triflate" class="mw-redirect" title="Triflate">Triflaten</a> anderer Lanthanide.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deprotonierung_und_α-Funktionalisierung"><span id="Deprotonierung_und_.CE.B1-Funktionalisierung"></span>Deprotonierung und α-Funktionalisierung</h3></div>
<p>Die elektronenziehenden Eigenschaften der Nitrilgruppe ermöglichen die Herstellung von Carbanionen-Nucleophilen durch α-Deprotonierung.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese können für Alkylierungs- und Acylierungsreaktionen verwendet werden, allerdings kann die Deprotonierung auch zur <a href="Racemisierung" title="Racemisierung">Racemisierung</a> chiraler Verbindungen führen.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Selbstkondensation von Nitrilen in Gegenwart einer Base (zum Beispiel <a href="Lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)amid">Lithiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amid</a>) wird als <a href="Thorpe-Ziegler-Reaktion" title="Thorpe-Ziegler-Reaktion">Thorpe-Reaktion</a> bezeichnet. Sie führt zu Cyanoenaminen (üblicherweise stereoselektiv zum (<i>E</i>)-Isomer) und eignet sich unter anderem auch zur Herstellung von cyclischen Molekülen.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaktionen_mit_Aromaten">Reaktionen mit Aromaten</h3></div>
<p>Die Nitrilgruppe von Arylnitrilen kann einen dirigierenden Effekt ausüben und die selektive Metallierung eines Aromaten in <i>ortho</i>-Position zum Nitril ermöglichen. Solche Arylmetallspezies können dann in Kupplungsreaktionen eingesetzt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei der <a href="Houben-Hoesch-Reaktion" title="Houben-Hoesch-Reaktion">Houben-Hoesch-Reaktion</a> wird ein Aromat unter Säurekatalyse mit einem Nitril acyliert, ähnlich einer <a href="Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung" title="Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung">Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung</a>. Nach hydrolytischer Aufarbeitung wird dabei ein Keton erhalten. Die Reaktion funktioniert insbesondere mit elektronenreichen Aromaten wie <a href="Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a>. Sie eignet sich auch für Cyclisierungen, wenn es sich um eine intramolekulare Reaktion handelt.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclisierungen">Cyclisierungen</h3></div>
<p>Nitrile können zu <a href="Triazine" title="Triazine">Triazinen</a> trimerisiert werden. Bei Propionitril, <a href="Valeronitril" title="Valeronitril">Valeronitril</a> oder Benzonitril, gelingt die Trimerisierung durch hohen Druck, bei 100–125 °C und etwa 7 bis 8,5 kbar in Methanol.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derartige Trimerisierungen gelingen außerdem mittels Katalyse durch Samarium(II)-iodid,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yttrium(III)-triflat oder einer Lewissäure (<a href="Zinkchlorid" title="Zinkchlorid">Zinkchlorid</a>, Aluminiumchlorid oder Titanchlorid) auf <a href="Kieselgel" title="Kieselgel">Silica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch Umsetzung von Cyanwasserstoff mit <a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Chlor</a> und anschließende Trimerisierung wird Cyanurchlorid hergestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mit Trifluormethansulfonsäureanhydrid können Triazine aus zwei verschiedenen Nitrileinheiten gebildet werden, von denen eine zweimal und eine einmal in den Ring eingebaut wird.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Polymerisation von <a href="Benzoldicarbonitrile" title="Benzoldicarbonitrile">Terephthalonitril</a> (1,4-Dicyanobenzol) in flüssigem Zinkchlorid bei 400 °C ergibt ein zweidimensionales Netz aus Phenylen- und Triazinringen.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>[4+2]-<a href="Cycloaddition" title="Cycloaddition">Cycloaddition</a> von Nitrilen mit <a href="Diene" title="Diene">Dienen</a> sind kaum bekannt und von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Die [2+2+2]-Cycloaddition eines Nitrils mit zwei Alkinen wird durch Nickelverbindungen katalysiert und ermöglicht die Herstellung stark substituierter <a href="Pyridine" title="Pyridine">Pyridine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch Reaktionen mit Cobalt und <a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> als Katalysatoren sind bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die [3+2]-Cycloaddition von Nitrilen mit <a href="Azide" title="Azide">Aziden</a> beziehungsweise <a href="Stickstoffwasserstoffs%C3%A4ure" title="Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure">Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure</a> ergibt <a href="Tetrazol" title="Tetrazol">Tetrazole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_196-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="Gewald-Reaktion" title="Gewald-Reaktion">Gewald-Reaktion</a> ist eine Methode für die Herstellung von 2-Aminothiophenen. Hierzu wird ein Nitril mit einer zusätzlichen elektronenziehenden Gruppe (wie im Malonitril oder <a href="Cyanessigs%C3%A4uremethylester" title="Cyanessigsäuremethylester">Methylcyanoacetat</a>) mit elementarem <a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">Schwefel</a> und einem Aldehyd oder Keton umgesetzt. Diese Reaktion wird für die Herstellung des Wirkstoffs <a href="Olanzapin" title="Olanzapin">Olanzapin</a> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Reaktionen">Weitere Reaktionen</h3></div>
<p>Die reduktive Decyanierung ermöglicht die Entfernung einer Nitrilgruppe, wenn diese lediglich wegen ihrer dirigierenden oder elektronenziehenden Eigenschaften verwendet wurde. Die klassische Methode zur reduktiven Decyanierung ist die Verwendung von elementaren <a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetallen</a> mit einem Protonendonator. Mögliche Kombinationen sind <a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> in Ammoniak oder <a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> in <a href="Ethylamin" title="Ethylamin">Ethylamin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein weiteres Beispiel ist die Verwendung von <a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> auf Aluminiumoxid in <a href="Hexan" title="Hexan">Hexan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aromatische Nitrile können auch mit Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren auf der Basis von Nickel oder <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> defunktionialisiert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei der <a href="Ritter-Reaktion" title="Ritter-Reaktion">Ritter-Reaktion</a> wird ein Alken oder ein tertiärer Alkohol mit einem Nitril und Schwefelsäure umgesetzt, wodurch ein <i>N</i>-Alkylamid gebildet wird, wobei das Alken oder der Alkohol den Substituenten am Stickstoff ergibt.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Protonierung oder Alkylierung von Nitrilen ergibt Nitrilium-Ionen. Die Protonierung von Nitrilen ist ein Teilschritt der sauren Hydrolyse von Nitrilen.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <i>N</i>-Alkylierung von Nitrilen ergibt Alkylnitrilium-Verbindungen. Dies ist möglich durch Umsetzung mit <a href="Chlorameisens%C3%A4ureester" title="Chlorameisensäureester">Chlorameisensäureestern</a> in Gegenwart von <a href="Antimon(V)-chlorid" title="Antimon(V)-chlorid">Antimon(V)-chlorid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>N</i>-Ethylnitriliumverbindungen entstehen durch Umsetzung von Nitrilen mit <a href="Triethyloxoniumtetrafluorborat" title="Triethyloxoniumtetrafluorborat">Triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrile_als_Komplexliganden">Nitrile als Komplexliganden</h3></div>
<p>Nitrile bilden diverse <a href="Komplexchemie" title="Komplexchemie">Komplexe</a> mit Übergangsmetallen. Sie sind dabei im Allgemeinen über das nichtbindende Elektronenpaar des Stickstoffatoms koordiniert, es sind aber auch einige Komplexe bekannt, bei denen die Koordination über die Dreifachbindung erfolgt. Viele als Feststoff isolierbare Komplexe sind von <a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Kupfer</a> bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andere Metalle, die Nitrilkomplexe bilden, sind unter anderem <a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Chrom</a>, <a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a>, <a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zink</a>, <a href="Niob" title="Niob">Niob</a>, <a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> und <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisen</a>. Typische Nitrilliganden sind <a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a> oder <a href="Benzonitril" title="Benzonitril">Benzonitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hergestellt werden können Nitrilkomplexe unter anderem durch Dehydratisierung eines Hydratsalzes mit dem gewünschten Gegenion des Komplexes. Dies funktioniert mit <a href="Tetrafluoroborate" title="Tetrafluoroborate">Tetrafluoroboraten</a> von Mangan, Eisen, <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>, <a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> und Kupfer. Eine andere Möglichkeit ist die Oxidation elementarer Metalle mit einem <a href="Nitrosoniumsalze" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosoniumsalze">Nitrosoniumsalz</a> mit dem gewünschten Gegenion. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die Umsetzung von Kupfer mit Nitrosoniumperchlorat<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Acetonitril zu Tetrakis(acetonitril)kupfer(II)-perchlorat, wobei <a href="Stickstoffmonoxid" title="Stickstoffmonoxid">Stickstoffmonoxid</a> als Nebenprodukt entsteht.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nitrilliganden binden in der Regel nur schwach an das Zentralatom des Komplexes und können leicht <a href="Ligandensubstitution" title="Ligandensubstitution">ausgetauscht</a> werden, um andere Komplexe herzustellen.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_243-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein Beispiel ist die Umsetzung von <a href="Tetrakis(acetonitril)kupfer(I)-tetrafluoroborat" title="Tetrakis(acetonitril)kupfer(I)-tetrafluoroborat">Tetrakis(acetonitril)kupfer(I)-tetrafluoroborat</a> zu <a href="Tetrakis(methoxyisobutylisonitril)kupfer(I)-tetrafluoroborat" title="Tetrakis(methoxyisobutylisonitril)kupfer(I)-tetrafluoroborat">Tetrakis(methoxyisobutylisonitril)kupfer(I)-tetrafluoroborat</a>, das im medizinischen Bereich verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viele Nitril-Komplexe haben katalytische Eigenschaften in der Polymerisation von Cyclopentadien und anderen Reaktionen. <a href="Tetrakis(acetonitril)kupfer(I)-perchlorat" title="Tetrakis(acetonitril)kupfer(I)-perchlorat">Tetrakis(acetonitril)kupfer(I)-perchlorat</a> katalysiert Michaeladditionen an Enone wie die Alkylierung von <a href="Cyclohex-2-enon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclohex-2-enon">Cyclohexenon</a> mit <a href="Diethylzink" title="Diethylzink">Diethylzink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_243-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p><a href="Cyanwasserstoff" title="Cyanwasserstoff">Cyanwasserstoff</a> wird in der chemischen Industrie in großer Menge als Intermediat zur Herstellung anderer Verbindungen eingesetzt. <a href="Acrylnitril" title="Acrylnitril">Acrylnitril</a> ist ein wichtiger Ausgangsstoff zur Herstellung von Nitril-Polymeren. <a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a> ist ein wichtiges Lösungsmittel. Weitere Nitrile werden als Duftstoffe, Pestizide und chemische Reagenzien eingesetzt. Außerdem spielt die Nitrilgruppe eine wichtige Rolle in der Entwicklung von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verwendung_von_Cyanwasserstoff">Verwendung von Cyanwasserstoff</h3></div>
<p>Cyanwasserstoff ist eine Massenchemikalie, die weltweite Produktion betrug 2001 etwa 2,6 Millionen Tonnen. Wichtige Folgeprodukte, die daraus hergestellt werden, sind insbesondere <a href="Adiponitril" title="Adiponitril">Adiponitril</a>, <a href="Acetoncyanhydrin" title="Acetoncyanhydrin">Acetoncyanhydrin</a>, <a href="Natriumcyanid" title="Natriumcyanid">Natriumcyanid</a> und <a href="Cyanurchlorid" title="Cyanurchlorid">Cyanurchlorid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_231-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch Chelatbildner werden ausgehend von Cyanwasserstoff produziert,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_231-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beispielsweise <a href="Ethylendiamintetraessigs%C3%A4ure" title="Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure">EDTA</a> aus <a href="Formaldehyd" title="Formaldehyd">Formaldehyd</a>, <a href="Ethylendiamin" title="Ethylendiamin">Ethylendiamin</a>, Cyanwasserstoff und <a href="Natriumhydroxid" title="Natriumhydroxid">Natriumhydroxid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein wichtiger industrieller Produktionsprozess für Aminosäuren ist die <a href="Strecker-Synthese" title="Strecker-Synthese">Strecker-Synthese</a>, bei der Cyanwasserstoff als Edukt verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine mengenmäßig wichtige Aminosäure ist <a href="Methionin" title="Methionin">Methionin</a>, das aus <a href="Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a>, Cyanwasserstoff und <a href="Schwefelwasserstoff" title="Schwefelwasserstoff">Schwefelwasserstoff</a> hergestellt und insbesondere in Tierfutter verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_231-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kunststoffherstellung">Kunststoffherstellung</h3></div>
<p>Einige weitverbreitete Polymere enthalten <a href="Acrylnitril" title="Acrylnitril">Acrylnitril</a> als Monomer und weisen daher Nitrilgruppen auf. Reines <a href="Polyacrylnitril" title="Polyacrylnitril">Polyacrylnitril</a> (PAN) lässt sich schlecht verarbeiten, weshalb bei der Herstellung von Polyacrylnitril neben 85 bis 99 % Acrylnitril fast immer kleine Mengen anderer Monomere zugesetzt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verwendet werden daneben auch <a href="Copolymer" title="Copolymer">Copolymere</a>, die zwischen 35 und 85 % Acrylnitril als Monomer enthalten, neben anderen Monomeren wie <a href="Vinylacetat" title="Vinylacetat">Vinylacetat</a> und <a href="Methacryls%C3%A4uremethylester" title="Methacrylsäuremethylester">Methylmethacrylat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Nitril-Polymere sind neben <a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyestern</a> und <a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamiden</a> eines der wichtigsten vollsynthetischen Materialien für Textilfasern.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Fasern werden als <i>Acrylfasern</i> bezeichnet und in einer Größenordnung von mehreren Millionen Tonnen pro Jahr hergestellt. Im Jahr 2000 betrug die weltweite Produktion etwa 2,7 Millionen Tonnen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verwendet werden Acrylfasern unter anderem in Bekleidung (Socken und Pullover) sowie für Decken, Teppiche und Strickgarn.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PAN ist außerdem der wichtigste Ausgangsstoff zur Herstellung von <a href="Kohlenstofffaser" title="Kohlenstofffaser">Carbonfasern</a>, die als extrem leichtes aber gleichzeitig stabiles Material beim Bau von Autos und Flugzeugen verwendet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die weltweite Produktionsmenge des Monomers Acrylnitril betrug 1988 etwa 3,2 Millionen Tonnen.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Acrylnitril-Butadien-Kautschuk" title="Acrylnitril-Butadien-Kautschuk">Acrylnitril-Butadien-Copolymere</a> werden als Nitrilkautschuk bezeichnet und haben verschiedene vorteilhafte Eigenschaften wie hohe <a href="Zugfestigkeit" title="Zugfestigkeit">Zugfestigkeit</a> und <a href="Abriebfestigkeit" title="Abriebfestigkeit">Abriebfestigkeit</a> sowie Beständigkeit gegen Kohlenwasserstoffe (Öl und Treibstoffe). Sie werden daher für Dichtungsringe und Öl- und Treibstoffschläuche verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine weitere wichtige Anwendung von Nitrilkautschuk sind <a href="Schutzhandschuh" title="Schutzhandschuh">Schutzhandschuhe</a>, die oft statt Handschuhen aus <a href="Latexkleidung" title="Latexkleidung">Latex</a> im Gesundheitswesen verwendet werden, da letztere regelmäßig <a href="Latexallergie" title="Latexallergie">Allergien</a> verursachen.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solche Handschuhe werden außerdem oft bei der Arbeit mit gefährlichen Chemikalien wie organischen Lösungsmitteln verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ein weiteres wichtiges Polymer ist das <a href="Terpolymer" title="Terpolymer">Terpolymer</a> aus Acrylnitril, Butadien und Styrol (<a href="Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol-Copolymer" title="Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol-Copolymer">ABS</a>). Dieses ist eines der wichtigsten Materialien für Außenhüllen von elektronischen Geräten (Computer, Bildschirme und Tastaturen).<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weitere Verwendungen sind Plastikteile von Autos (an Scheinwerfern und Spiegeln); Einsätze für Kühlschränke; Außenhüllen von Küchengeräten, Staubsaugern und Elektrowerkzeugen; sowie Koffer, Vesperdosen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Spielzeuge, darunter <a href="Lego" title="Lego">Lego-Steine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch ABS wird in der Größenordnung von mehreren Millionen Tonnen pro Jahr produziert, beispielsweise etwa 2,7 Millionen Tonnen im Jahr 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_258-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamid 6.6</a> (Nylon) ist kein Nitril, allerdings ist ein Schlüsselintermediat zu dessen Herstellung das <a href="Adiponitril" title="Adiponitril">Adiponitril</a>. Adiponitril wird durch Hydrocyanierung von Butadien oder durch Dimerisierung von Acrylnitril hergestellt und durch katalytische Hydrierung zu <a href="Hexamethylendiamin" title="Hexamethylendiamin">Hexamethylendiamin</a> umgesetzt, welches eines der Monomere für Nylon ist. Das zweite Monomer, <a href="Adipins%C3%A4ure" title="Adipinsäure">Adipinsäure</a> wird durch Oxidation von <a href="Cyclohexan" title="Cyclohexan">Cyclohexan</a> gewonnen.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Acetoncyanhydrin" title="Acetoncyanhydrin">Acetoncyanhydrin</a> ist ein wichtiges Intermediat zur Herstellung von <a href="Methacryls%C3%A4uremethylester" title="Methacrylsäuremethylester">Methylmethacrylat</a>, welches wiederum zur Herstellung von <a href="Polymethylmethacrylat" title="Polymethylmethacrylat">Polymethylmethacrylat</a> verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Polyacrylnitril wird in Strickgarn verwendet</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Carbonfasern werden oft aus Polyacrylnitril hergestellt</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Schutzhandschuhe aus Nitrilkautschuk</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Lego-Bausteine werden aus Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol-Copolymer (ABS) hergestellt</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemisch-pharmazeutische_Industrie_und_Labore">Chemisch-pharmazeutische Industrie und Labore</h3></div>
<p><a href="Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a> findet als Lösungsmittel Verwendung, insbesondere in der pharmazeutischen Industrie.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Jahr 2022 wurden laut einer Marktanalyse weltweit etwa 180.000 Tonnen Acetonitril produziert, wovon etwa 70 % in der pharmazeutischen Industrie verwendet wurden.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es ist außerdem eines der wichtigsten Lösungsmittel für Analysen mittels <a href="Hochleistungsfl%C3%BCssigkeitschromatographie" title="Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie">HPLC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_264-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Zersetzung von <a href="Azobis(isobutyronitril)" title="Azobis(isobutyronitril)">Azobisisobutyronitril</a> (AIBN) und verwandten Verbindungen (zum Beispiel <a href="Azobiscyclohexancarbonitril" class="mw-redirect" title="Azobiscyclohexancarbonitril">Azobiscyclohexancarbonitril</a>) ergibt vergleichsweise stabile Radikale, weshalb diese Verbindungen als <a href="Radikalstarter" title="Radikalstarter">Radikalstarter</a> für radikalische Reaktionen, insbesondere Polymerisationen, verwendet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Chinon <a href="2%2C3-Dichlor-5%2C6-dicyano-1%2C4-benzochinon" title="2,3-Dichlor-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzochinon">DDQ</a>, das über zwei Nitrilgruppen verfügt, ist ein weitverbreitetes Oxidationsmittel, das auch in der pharmazeutischen Industrie verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrilgruppen lassen sich als Sonde für infrarot-spektroskopische Untersuchungen in Biomoleküle einführen.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einige Nitrile werden als Edukte für die Synthese von Pharmazeutika verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a> ist ein in einigen EU-Ländern zugelassenes <a href="Entz%C3%BCndungshemmung" title="Entzündungshemmung">Antiphlogistikum</a>, für dessen industrielle Synthese <a href="Propionitril" title="Propionitril">Propionitril</a> verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrile_in_der_Medizin">Nitrile in der Medizin</h3></div>
<p>Nitrile finden sich in einem breiten Spektrum an Arzneistoffgruppen. Zwischen 2010 und 2020 wurde jedes Jahr mindestens ein Arzneistoff mit Nitrilfunktion von der amerikanischen <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> zugelassen. Die Nitrilgruppe hat charakteristische physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften, die für die <a href="Wirkstoffdesign" title="Wirkstoffdesign">Gestaltung von Wirkstoffen</a> eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Als strukturelles Element weist diese Gruppe eine lineare Geometrie auf und beansprucht nur sehr wenig Raum, etwa ein Achtel im Vergleich zu einer <a href="Methylgruppe" title="Methylgruppe">Methylgruppe</a>. Damit ist sie als Strukturbestandteil von Liganden gut geeignet, Hohlräume einer <a href="Bindungsstelle" title="Bindungsstelle">Bindungstasche</a> eines Zielproteins aufzufüllen, die entsprechend schlank und tief sind und anderweitig kaum zu besetzen sind. Der Einbau einer Nitrilgruppe in ein Molekül führt im Allgemeinen zur Senkung seines <a href="Octanol-Wasser-Verteilungskoeffizient" title="Octanol-Wasser-Verteilungskoeffizient">Octanol-Wasser-Verteilungskoeffizienten</a> bzw. zur Erhöhung seiner Wasserlöslichkeit. Dies wirkt sich bei an sich <a href="Lipophil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophil">lipophileren</a> Verbindungen in der Regel günstig auf die <a href="Bioverf%C3%BCgbarkeit" title="Bioverfügbarkeit">Bioverfügbarkeit</a>, die <a href="Plasmahalbwertszeit" title="Plasmahalbwertszeit">Plasmahalbwertszeit</a> und damit auf deren Wirkungsdauer aus. Die Nitrilgruppe in Arzneistoffen ist zumeist metabolisch sehr stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Nitrilgruppe ist <a href="Isosterie" title="Isosterie">isoster</a> zur <a href="Carbonylgruppe" title="Carbonylgruppe">Carbonylgruppe</a>, der <a href="Hydroxygruppe" title="Hydroxygruppe">Hydroxylgruppe</a> und zum Chloratom. Sie hat demnach ähnliche elektronische und sterische Eigenschaften wie diese und kann gegen diese ausgetauscht werden, um die Moleküleigenschaften leicht zu variieren.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die <a href="Wasserstoffbr%C3%BCckenbindung" title="Wasserstoffbrückenbindung">Wasserstoffbrückenbindung</a> ist das wichtigste pharmakodynamische Bindungsmuster der Nitrilgruppe, die aufgrund der Elektronegativität ihres Stickstoffatoms, im Gegensatz zur <a href="Ethinylgruppe" title="Ethinylgruppe">Ethinylgruppe</a>, als Protonenakzeptor fungiert.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So bildet beispielsweise die Nitrilgruppe des kompetitiven <a href="PDE-3-Hemmer" title="PDE-3-Hemmer">PDE3-Inhibitors</a> <a href="Milrinon" class="mw-redirect" title="Milrinon">Milrinon</a> über einen an der <a href="Bindungsstelle" title="Bindungsstelle">Ligandenbindungsstelle</a> dieser <a href="Phosphodiesterasen" title="Phosphodiesterasen">Phosphodiesterase</a> befindlichen <a href="Histidin" title="Histidin">Histidin</a>-Rest eine affinitätsrelevante Wasserstoffbrücke.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrile sind fähig, eine <a href="Koordinative_Bindung" title="Koordinative Bindung">koordinative Bindung</a> mit <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Calciumkationen</a> einzugehen, was für die Wirkung von <a href="Calciumantagonist" title="Calciumantagonist">Calciumkanalblockern</a> des <a href="Calciumantagonist#Strukturtypen" title="Calciumantagonist">Verapamil-Typs</a> essentiell ist. Diese hemmen den Calciumstrom, indem der Ligand-Calcium-<a href="Komplexchemie" title="Komplexchemie">Komplex</a> eine Salzbrücke eingeht mit einem der <a href="Glutamins%C3%A4ure" title="Glutaminsäure">Glutamatreste</a> des Selektivitätsfilters in der Pore dieses <a href="Calciumkanal" title="Calciumkanal">ionotropen Rezeptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eingesetzt wird Verapamil bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen wie <a href="Arterielle_Hypertonie" title="Arterielle Hypertonie">arterieller Hypertonie</a> und <a href="Angina_pectoris" title="Angina pectoris">Angina pectoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nitrilsubstituenten verringern durch starken <a href="Induktiver_Effekt" title="Induktiver Effekt">Elektronenzug</a> die <a href="Elektronendichte" title="Elektronendichte">Elektronendichte</a> von <a href="Aromaten" title="Aromaten">Aromaten</a>. Moduliert werden auf diese Weise <a href="%CE%A0-%CF%80-Wechselwirkung" title="Π-π-Wechselwirkung">π-π-Wechselwirkungen</a> zwischen Wirkstoff und geeigneten <a href="Aminos%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminosäure">Aminosäureresten</a> eines Zielproteins, wie <a href="Phenylalanin" title="Phenylalanin">Phenylalanin</a>, <a href="Tyrosin" title="Tyrosin">Tyrosin</a>, <a href="Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a> und <a href="Histidin" title="Histidin">Histidin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_273-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine solche π-π-Wechselwirkung wird beobachtet bei den <a href="Aromatase" title="Aromatase">Aromatasehemmern</a> <a href="Letrozol" title="Letrozol">Letrozol</a> und <a href="Anastrozol" title="Anastrozol">Anastrozol</a>, die als <a href="Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogene</a> wirken und bei <a href="Brustkrebs" title="Brustkrebs">Brustkrebs</a> eingesetzt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viele <a href="Androgenrezeptor" title="Androgenrezeptor">Androgenrezeptor</a>-Antagonisten enthalten einen ausgeprägt elektronenarmen aromatischen Ring, der für die supramolekulare Rezeptorbindung von besonderer Bedeutung ist.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15833816_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15833816-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Bicalutamid" title="Bicalutamid">Bicalutamid</a>, <a href="Enzalutamid" title="Enzalutamid">Enzalutamid</a> und weiteren Analoga, die zur Behandlung von <a href="Prostatakrebs" title="Prostatakrebs">Prostatakrebs</a> eingesetzt werden, trägt eine Nitrilgruppe zu dieser Ladungsverschiebung bei.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Einige Fälle sind bekannt, in denen Nitrile eine reversible, gleichwohl wirkungsrelevante <a href="Kovalente_Bindung" title="Kovalente Bindung">kovalente Bindung</a> zu einem <a href="Target_(Biologie)" title="Target (Biologie)">Zielmolekül</a> ausbilden.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_273-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabei <a href="Additionsreaktion" title="Additionsreaktion">addieren</a> unter geeigneten Bedingungen Hydroxyl- oder <a href="Thiole" title="Thiole">Thiolgruppen</a> von <a href="Serin" title="Serin">Serin</a>- oder <a href="Cystein" title="Cystein">Cysteinresten</a> der Zielproteine mit der Nitrilgruppe zu <a href="Imids%C3%A4ureester" title="Imidsäureester">Oxo-</a> oder Thioimidaten. Dies gilt für den bei <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus Typ II</a> eingesetzten <a href="Dipeptidylpeptidase_4" title="Dipeptidylpeptidase 4">Dipeptidylpeptidase-4</a>-Inhibitor <a href="Vildagliptin" title="Vildagliptin">Vildagliptin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> genauso wie für <a href="Saxagliptin" title="Saxagliptin">Saxagliptin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das antibakterielle Antibiotikum Cefmetazol<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wirkt ebenfalls als kovalenter Inhibitor, in diesem Fall einer bakteriellen <a href="Peptidasen" title="Peptidasen">Protease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Für den Calcium-Sensitizer <a href="Levosimendan" title="Levosimendan">Levosimendan</a> wird eine Reaktion mit dem Proteinkomplex <a href="Kardiales_Troponin" title="Kardiales Troponin">Troponin-C</a> angenommen.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine solch reaktive Gruppe wird auch als <a href="Warhead_(Pharmakologie)" title="Warhead (Pharmakologie)">Warhead</a> (wörtlich übersetzt „Gefechtskopf“) bezeichnet.
</p><p>In einigen Fällen sind Nitrilgruppen hauptsächlich wegen ihrer Sterik (das heißt räumlichen Gestalt) relevant, indem sie <a href="Van-der-Waals-Kr%C3%A4fte" title="Van-der-Waals-Kräfte">Van-der-Waals-Kontakte</a> mit Aminosäureresten ausbilden. Die trifft zu auf den <a href="Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor" title="Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor">Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor</a> <a href="Bosutinib" title="Bosutinib">Bosutinib</a>, der bei <a href="Chronische_myeloische_Leuk%C3%A4mie" title="Chronische myeloische Leukämie">Chronischer myeloischer Leukämie</a> eingesetzt wird. <a href="Proteinkristall#Analyse" title="Proteinkristall">Kristallstrukturen</a> sind bekannt, in denen Bosutinib mit diversen Tyrosinkinasen komplexiert ist. Inhibitoren der <a href="Reverse_Transkriptase" title="Reverse Transkriptase">Reversen Transkriptase</a>, wie <a href="Etravirin" title="Etravirin">Etravirin</a> und <a href="Rilpivirin" title="Rilpivirin">Rilpivirin</a>, werden in Kombinationspräparaten gegen <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> eingesetzt. Die Acrylnitril-Teilstruktur des Rilpivirins taucht in einen aus <a href="Tyrosin" title="Tyrosin">Tyrosin</a>, <a href="Phenylalanin" title="Phenylalanin">Phenylalanin</a> und <a href="Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a> bestehenden aromatischen Käfig ein, wie die zugehörige Raumstruktur, die im Jahr 2008 veröffentlicht wurde, erkennen lässt.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18230722_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18230722-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der <a href="Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer" title="Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer">Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer</a> <a href="Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a>, der gegen Depressionen eingesetzt wird, war im Jahr 2016 mit 290 Millionen definierten Tagesdosen das meist verschriebene Psychopharmakon in Deutschland. Die Nitrilgruppe des <a href="Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitaloprams</a> zeichnet sich durch optimale Komplementarität gegenüber der zentralen und einer weiteren allosterischen Bindungsstelle des Transportmoleküls aus, wie es aus der Kristallstruktur hervorgeht.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27049939_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27049939-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Levosimendan</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Letrozol</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Saxagliptin</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Milrinon</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Cefmetazol</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Citalopram</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Rilpivirin</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonstige_Verwendungen">Sonstige Verwendungen</h3></div>
<p>Eine zweistellige Anzahl an Nitrilen wird als Duftstoffe für Kosmetika verwendet. Dazu gehören unter anderem <a href="Zimts%C3%A4urenitril" title="Zimtsäurenitril">Zimtsäurenitril</a>, <a href="Dodecannitril" title="Dodecannitril">Dodecannitril</a>, <a href="Benzonitril" title="Benzonitril">Benzonitril</a> und <a href="Geranylnitril" title="Geranylnitril">Geranylnitril</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrile weisen zum Teil ähnliche Düfte auf wie entsprechende <a href="Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">Aldehyde</a>, sind aber deutlich stabiler, sodass sie sich als Ersatz eignen. So eignet sich Geranylnitril als Zitrusduft und ist im Gegensatz zum strukturanalogen <a href="Citral" title="Citral">Citral</a> stabil gegen Oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>
Diverse Nitrile finden als Pestizide Verwendung. Cyanogruppen sind in einigen <a href="Pyrethroide" title="Pyrethroide">Pyrethroid-Insektiziden</a> enthalten. Pyrethroide sind Carbonsäureester und durch Verwendung von <a href="3-Phenoxymandelonitril" title="3-Phenoxymandelonitril">3-Phenoxymandelonitril</a> als Alkoholkomponenten, wie in <a href="Deltamethrin" title="Deltamethrin">Deltamethrin</a> und <a href="Cypermethrin" title="Cypermethrin">Cypermethrin</a>, wurde eine Gruppe besonders wirksamer Derivate entwickelt.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Azoxystrobin" title="Azoxystrobin">Azoxystrobin</a> war schon 1999, wenige Jahre nach Einführung, mit über 400 Millionen Dollar Verkaufswert das meistverkaufte Agrar-Fungizid und hat seine Bedeutung auch mehr als 15 Jahre später noch behalten, sodass es auch 2016 noch das meistverkaufte Fungizid war.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azoxystrobin wurde ausgehend von dem natürlich vorkommenden <a href="Strobilurine" title="Strobilurine">Strobilurin A</a> entwickelt. Wichtige Unterschiede zwischen der Startverbindung und dem fertigen Wirkstoff sind der Austausch der Doppelbindungen gegen aromatische Ringe und die Einführung einer Cyanogruppe an dem Ring, der schon in der Ausgangsverbindung enthalten ist.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_295-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein viel genutztes Nitril-Insektizid ist <a href="Fipronil" title="Fipronil">Fipronil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r256979673">
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</style></p><div class="thumb tright vl-mehrere-bilder" style="width:296px;"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="vl-mehrere-bilder-horizontal" style="width:84px;"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="vl-mehrere-bilder-horizontal" style="width:198px;"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:both;text-align:left;">Tube mit Cyanacrylat-Klebstoff und Struktur von Ethylcyanacrylat, das oft in Cyanacrylat-Klebstoffen verwendet wird</div></div></div>
<p><a href="Cyanacrylate" title="Cyanacrylate">Cyanacrylate</a> werden als <a href="Klebstoff" title="Klebstoff">Sekundenkleber</a> verwendet, da sie als Einkomponentenzubereitung schnell bei normalen Umgebungsbedingungen aushärten und viele Materialien kleben können. Die bei weitem meistgenutzte Verbindung in diesem Bereich ist <a href="2-Cyanacryls%C3%A4ureethylester" title="2-Cyanacrylsäureethylester">Ethylcyanacrylat</a>, in geringerem Maße werden <a href="2-Cyanacryls%C3%A4uremethylester" title="2-Cyanacrylsäuremethylester">Methylcyanacrylat</a> und <a href="Allylcyanacrylat" title="Allylcyanacrylat">Allylcyanacrylat</a> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyanacrylatkleber werden auch im medizinischen Bereich verwendet, um Wunden zu verkleben, anstatt sie zu nähen. Da Ester mit kurzkettigen Alkylresten (wie Methylcyanacrylat) aber oft Nebenwirkungen, insbesondere <a href="Entz%C3%BCndung" title="Entzündung">Entzündungen</a>, verursachen, werden hier andere Verbindungen verwendet als im technischen Bereich. So kommen vor allem <a href="Butylcyanacrylat" title="Butylcyanacrylat">Butylcyanacrylat</a> und <a href="2-Octylcyanacrylat" title="2-Octylcyanacrylat">2-Octylcyanacrylat</a> zum Einsatz.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nitrile finden Verwendung als <a href="Elektrolyt" title="Elektrolyt">Elektrolytzusatzmittel</a> in <a href="Lithiumbatterie" title="Lithiumbatterie">Lithiumbatterien</a>. So bewirkt der Zusatz von 1,3,6-Hexantricarbonitril<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>S 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eine signifikante Zunahme der Leistung gegenüber einer entsprechenden Batterie ohne Zusatz. Die Wirkweise der Nitrilzusätze ist noch nicht vollständig geklärt.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>David T. Mowry: <i>The Preparation of Nitriles</i>. In: <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. Band 42, Nr. 2, 1. April 1948, S. 189–283, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60132a001" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/cr60132a001">doi:10.1021/cr60132a001</a>.</li>
<li>Camille Scotti, James W. Barlow: <i>Natural Products Containing the Nitrile Functional Group and Their Biological Activities</i>. In: <i>Natural Product Communications</i>. Band 17, Nr. 5, Mai 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X221099973" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1177/1934578X221099973">doi:10.1177/1934578X221099973</a>.</li>
<li>Mohammed H. Al‐Huniti, Mitchell P. Croatt: <i>Metal-Catalyzed Dehydration of Primary Amides to Nitriles</i>. In: <i>Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry</i>. Band 8, Nr. 10, Oktober 2019, S. 1791–1799, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajoc.201900343" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/ajoc.201900343">doi:10.1002/ajoc.201900343</a>.</li>
<li>Bruce N. Storhoff, Huntley C. Lewis Jr.: <i>Organonitrile complexes of transition metals</i>. In: <i>Coordination Chemistry Reviews</i>. Band 23, Nr. 1, Juni 1977, S. 1–29, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8545(00)80329-X" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)80329-X">doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)80329-X</a>.</li>
<li>Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <i>Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</i>. In: <i>RSC Medicinal Chemistry</i>. Band 12, Nr. 10, 2021, S. 1650–1671, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1039/D1MD00131K">doi:10.1039/D1MD00131K</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nitriles?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Nitrile</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nitril" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Nitril">Wiktionary: Nitril</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. K. Brotherton, J. W. Lynn: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Synthesis And Chemistry Of Cyanogen</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>59</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1. Oktober 1959, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>841–883</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr50029a003">10.1021/cr50029a003</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Synthesis+And+Chemistry+Of+Cyanogen&rft.au=T.+K.+Brotherton%2C+J.+W.+Lynn&rft.date=1959-10-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr50029a003&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=841-883&rft.volume=59" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Wöhler, J. Liebig: <cite style="font-style:italic">Untersuchungen über das Radikal der Benzoesäure</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Annalen_der_Pharmacie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Pharmacie">Annalen der Pharmacie</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, Januar 1832, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>249–282</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18320030302">10.1002/jlac.18320030302</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+das+Radikal+der+Benzoes%C3%A4ure&rft.au=F.+W%C3%B6hler%2C+J.+Liebig&rft.date=1832-01&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fjlac.18320030302&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Pharmacie&rft.pages=249-282&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:21-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:21_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:21_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:21_3-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">David T. Mowry: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Preparation of Nitriles.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>42</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1. April 1948, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>189–283</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60132a001">10.1021/cr60132a001</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Preparation+of+Nitriles.&rft.au=David+T.+Mowry&rft.date=1948-04-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr60132a001&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=189-283&rft.volume=42" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Lapworth: <cite style="font-style:italic">XCVI.—Reactions involving the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbon compounds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J. Chem. Soc., Trans.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>83</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>0</span>, 1903, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>995–1005</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9038300995">10.1039/CT9038300995</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=XCVI.%E2%80%94Reactions+involving+the+addition+of+hydrogen+cyanide+to+carbon+compounds&rft.au=Arthur+Lapworth&rft.date=1903&rft.doi=10.1039%2FCT9038300995&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=0&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.%2C+Trans.&rft.pages=995-1005&rft.volume=83" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_5-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_5-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:9_5-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. H. Gregory: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanohydrins in Nature and the Laboratory: Biology, Preparations, and Synthetic Applications</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>99</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 8. Dezember 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3649–3682</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9902906">10.1021/cr9902906</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanohydrins+in+Nature+and+the+Laboratory%3A+Biology%2C+Preparations%2C+and+Synthetic+Applications&rft.au=Robert+J.+H.+Gregory&rft.date=1999-12-08&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr9902906&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=3649-3682&rft.volume=99" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design. 2: Additives to alpha</cite>. Dekker, New York 1977, ISBN 0-8247-2452-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+chemical+processing+and+design.+2%3A+Additives+to+alpha&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0824724526&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dekker" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:26-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:26_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:26_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ji Yang, Peng Wang, Helfried Neumann, Ralf Jackstell, Matthias Beller: <cite style="font-style:italic">Industrially applied and relevant transformations of 1,3-butadiene using homogeneous catalysts</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Industrial Chemistry & Materials</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>155–174</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D3IM00009E">10.1039/D3IM00009E</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Industrially+applied+and+relevant+transformations+of+1%2C3-butadiene+using+homogeneous+catalysts&rft.au=Ji+Yang%2C+Peng+Wang%2C+Helfried+Neumann%2C+...&rft.date=2023&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD3IM00009E&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Chemistry+%26+Materials&rft.pages=155-174&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Polyacrylonitrile</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbook of Thermoplastics</cite>. CRC Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-429-10162-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>157–186</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Polyacrylonitrile&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Thermoplastics&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780429101625&rft.pages=157-186&rft.pub=CRC+Press" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:22-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">David García Cerdá, Antonio Martín Ballester, Alicia Aliena-Valero, Anna Carabén-Redaño, José M. Lloris: <cite style="font-style:italic">Use of cyanoacrylate adhesives in general surgery</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Surgery Today</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>45</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>939–956</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-014-1056-4">10.1007/s00595-014-1056-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Use+of+cyanoacrylate+adhesives+in+general+surgery&rft.au=David+Garc%C3%ADa+Cerd%C3%A1%2C+Antonio+Mart%C3%ADn+Ballester%2C+Alicia+Aliena-Valero%2C+...&rft.date=2015-08&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs00595-014-1056-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Surgery+Today&rft.pages=939-956&rft.volume=45" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Beyer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Hans_Beyer" title="Hans Beyer">Hans Beyer</a> und <a href="Wolfgang_Walter" title="Wolfgang Walter">Wolfgang Walter</a>: <i>Organische Chemie</i>, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart, 22. Auflage, 1991, ISBN 3-7776-0485-2, S. 266–269.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <i>nitriles.</i> In: <a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> (Hrsg.): <i><a href="Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a>.</i> The “Gold Book”. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04151">10.1351/goldbook.N04151</a></span> – Version: 2.3.3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <i>carbonitriles.</i> In: <a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> (Hrsg.): <i><a href="Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a>.</i> The “Gold Book”. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00838">10.1351/goldbook.C00838</a></span> – Version: 2.3.3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:23-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:23_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:23_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl-Heinz Hellwich: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemische Nomenklatur: die systematische Benennung organisch-chemischer Verbindungen ; ein Lehrbuch für Pharmazie- und Chemiestudenten</cite>. 3., überarb. Auflage. Govi-Verl, Eschborn 1998, ISBN 3-7741-1095-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=Karl-Heinz+Hellwich&rft.btitle=Chemische+Nomenklatur%3A+die+systematische+Benennung+organisch-chemischer+Verbindungen+%3B+ein+Lehrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Pharmazie-+und+Chemiestudenten&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=3.%2C+%C3%BCberarb.+Aufl&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3774110956&rft.place=Eschborn&rft.pub=Govi-Verl" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:16-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:16_14-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Peter C. Vollhardt, Neil Eric Schore: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organische Chemie. Hauptbd.</cite> 5. Auflage. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-527-32754-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=Kurt+Peter+C.+Vollhardt%2C+Neil+Eric+Schore&rft.btitle=Organische+Chemie.+Hauptbd.&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=5.+Aufl&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783527327546&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. P. Moss, P. A. S. Smith, D. Tavernier: <cite style="font-style:italic">Glossary of class names of organic compounds and reactivity intermediates based on structure (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pure and Applied Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>67</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8–9</span>, 1. Januar 1995, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1307–1375</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199567081307">10.1351/pac199567081307</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+class+names+of+organic+compounds+and+reactivity+intermediates+based+on+structure+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+1995%29&rft.au=G.+P.+Moss%2C+P.+A.+S.+Smith%2C+D.+Tavernier&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fpac199567081307&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8-9&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.pages=1307-1375&rft.volume=67" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.c01485">10.1351/goldbook.c01485</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.c01485&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.t06353">10.1351/goldbook.t06353</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.t06353&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.s05573">10.1351/goldbook.s05573</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.s05573&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Prabhath, Luke Williams, Shreesha Bhat, Pallavi Sharma: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecules</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 12. April 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>615</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040615">10.3390/molecules22040615</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28417938?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28417938</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154562/">PMC 6154562</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Recent+Advances+in+Cyanamide+Chemistry%3A+Synthesis+and+Applications&rft.au=M.+Prabhath%2C+Luke+Williams%2C+Shreesha+Bhat%2C+...&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fmolecules22040615&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.pages=615&rft.pmc=6154562&rft.pmid=28417938&rft.volume=22" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.n04150">10.1351/goldbook.n04150</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.n04150&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.n04152">10.1351/goldbook.n04152</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.n04152&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.n04148">10.1351/goldbook.n04148</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.n04148&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.n04156">10.1351/goldbook.n04156</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.n04156&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book</cite>. 4. Auflage. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Research Triangle Park, NC 2019, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.n04153">10.1351/goldbook.n04153</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%3A+The+Gold+Book&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fgoldbook.n04153&rft.edition=4.&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Research+Triangle+Park%2C+NC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry+%28IUPAC%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisheva Goldstein, Buyong Ma, Jenn-Huei Lii, Norman L. Allinger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular mechanics calculations (MM3) on nitriles and alkynes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, April 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>191–202</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1395%28199604%299%3A4%3C191%3A%3AAID-POC765%3E3.0.CO%3B2-9">10.1002/(SICI)1099-1395(199604)9:4<191::AID-POC765>3.0.CO;2-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Molecular+mechanics+calculations+%28MM3%29+on+nitriles+and+alkynes&rft.au=Elisheva+Goldstein%2C+Buyong+Ma%2C+Jenn-Huei+Lii%2C+...&rft.date=1996-04&rft.doi=10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1395%28199604%299%3A4%3C191%3A%3AAID-POC765%3E3.0.CO%3B2-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=191-202&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Streitwieser, Clayton H. Heathcock, Edward M. Kosower, Andrew Streitwieser: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organische Chemie. Hauptbd.</cite> 2. Auflage. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim New York 1994, ISBN 3-527-29005-2.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=Andrew+Streitwieser%2C+Clayton+H.+Heathcock%2C+Edward+M.+Kosower%2C+...&rft.btitle=Organische+Chemie.+Hauptbd.&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=2.+Aufl&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3527290052&rft.place=Weinheim+New+York&rft.pub=Verlag+Chemie" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:30-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:30_27-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:30_27-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:30_27-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:30_27-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:30_27-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:30_27-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Ullmann, Barbara Elvers, Stephen Hawkins, Gail Schulz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry</cite>. 5th ed Auflage. VCH, Weinheim New York 1991, ISBN 3-527-20117-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=Fritz+Ullmann%2C+Barbara+Elvers%2C+Stephen+Hawkins%2C+...&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+encyclopedia+of+industrial+chemistry&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=5th+ed&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3527201173&rft.place=Weinheim+New+York&rft.pub=VCH" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:18-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:18_28-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:18_28-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:18_28-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:18_28-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Marc R Mattalia: <cite style="font-style:italic">The reductive decyanation reaction: an overview and recent developments</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, 13. Februar 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>267–284</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.30">10.3762/bjoc.13.30</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28326136?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28326136</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5331330/">PMC 5331330</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+reductive+decyanation+reaction%3A+an+overview+and+recent+developments&rft.au=Jean-Marc+R+Mattalia&rft.btitle=Beilstein+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft.doi=10.3762%2Fbjoc.13.30&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=267-284&rft.pmc=5331330&rft.pmid=28326136&rft.volume=13" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronaldo Pilli, Paulo Costa, Sergio Pinheiro, Peter Bakuzis: <cite style="font-style:italic">The chemistry of carbonyl compounds and derivatives</cite>. Royal Society of Chemistry, London 2022, ISBN 978-1-78801-783-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>f</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=Ronaldo+Pilli%2C+Paulo+Costa%2C+Sergio+Pinheiro%2C+...&rft.btitle=The+chemistry+of+carbonyl+compounds+and+derivatives&rft.date=2022&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781788017831&rft.pages=47f.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Bowden, R. Stewart: <cite style="font-style:italic">Strongly basic systems—V</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, Januar 1965, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>261–266</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020%2801%2998266-3">10.1016/S0040-4020(01)98266-3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Strongly+basic+systems%E2%80%94V&rft.au=K.+Bowden%2C+R.+Stewart&rft.date=1965-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2801%2998266-3&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.pages=261-266&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theresa Soltner, Jonas Häusler, Andreas J. Kornath: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Existence of Tricyanomethane</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>54</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>46</span>, 9. November 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13775–13776</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201506753">10.1002/anie.201506753</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Existence+of+Tricyanomethane&rft.au=Theresa+Soltner%2C+Jonas+H%C3%A4usler%2C+Andreas+J.+Kornath&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201506753&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=46&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=13775-13776&rft.volume=54" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeon-Ran Shin, Sun-Min Jung, In-Yup Jeon, Jong-Beom Baek: <cite style="font-style:italic">The oxidation mechanism of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite in a nitric acid/sulfuric acid mixture</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Carbon</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>52</span>, Februar 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>493–498</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.001">10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.001</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+oxidation+mechanism+of+highly+ordered+pyrolytic+graphite+in+a+nitric+acid%2Fsulfuric+acid+mixture&rft.au=Yeon-Ran+Shin%2C+Sun-Min+Jung%2C+In-Yup+Jeon%2C+...&rft.btitle=Carbon&rft.date=2013-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.carbon.2012.10.001&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=493-498&rft.volume=52" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. W. Webster: <cite style="font-style:italic">Polycyanation. The Reaction of Cyanogen Chloride, Cyclopentadiene, and Sodium Hydride</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>88</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, Juli 1966, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3046–3050</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00965a028">10.1021/ja00965a028</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Polycyanation.+The+Reaction+of+Cyanogen+Chloride%2C+Cyclopentadiene%2C+and+Sodium+Hydride&rft.au=O.+W.+Webster&rft.date=1966-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja00965a028&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=3046-3050&rft.volume=88" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Kitson, Norman E. Griffith: <cite style="font-style:italic">Infrared Absorption Band Due to Nitrile Stretching Vibration</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Analytical Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 18. Februar 1952, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>334–337</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60062a019">10.1021/ac60062a019</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Infrared+Absorption+Band+Due+to+Nitrile+Stretching+Vibration&rft.au=Robert+E.+Kitson%2C+Norman+E.+Griffith&rft.date=1952-02-18&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fac60062a019&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.pages=334-337&rft.volume=24" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS9-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS9_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=012450">Cyanwasserstoff</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 7. Januar 2024.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS1_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=013660">Acetonitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2023.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS2_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=013670">Propionitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2023.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS3_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=038640">Butyronitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2023.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS4_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=510611">Isobutyronitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2023.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS5_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=011410">Acrylnitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2023.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS6-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS6_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=026150">Benzonitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2023.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS7-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS7_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=038430">Oxalsäuredinitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 2. Januar 2024.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS8_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=023170">Malonsäuredinitril</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 2. Januar 2024.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS10-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS10_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=027250">Acetoncyanhydrin</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2024.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:34-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:34_45-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:34_45-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Nelson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Acute Cyanide Toxicity: Mechanisms and Manifestations</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Emergency Nursing</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, August 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>S8–S11</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2006.05.012">10.1016/j.jen.2006.05.012</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Acute+Cyanide+Toxicity%3A+Mechanisms+and+Manifestations&rft.au=Lewis+Nelson&rft.date=2006-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jen.2006.05.012&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Emergency+Nursing&rft.pages=S8-S11&rft.volume=32" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:31-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:31_46-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:31_46-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmed E. Ahmed, Mohammed Y.H. Farooqui: <cite style="font-style:italic">Comparative toxicities of aliphatic nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Toxicology Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2–3</span>, Juli 1982, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>157–163</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274%2882%2990179-5">10.1016/0378-4274(82)90179-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Comparative+toxicities+of+aliphatic+nitriles&rft.au=Ahmed+E.+Ahmed%2C+Mohammed+Y.H.+Farooqui&rft.date=1982-07&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0378-4274%2882%2990179-5&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2-3&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+Letters&rft.pages=157-163&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumbukani K. Nyirenda: <cite style="font-style:italic">Toxicity Potential of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Medical Toxicology</cite>. IntechOpen, 3. Februar 2021.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Toxicity+Potential+of+Cyanogenic+Glycosides+in+Edible+Plants&rft.au=Kumbukani+K.+Nyirenda&rft.btitle=Medical+Toxicology&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=IntechOpen" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:11-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser F. Fleming, Fraser F. Fleming: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing natural products</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Natural Product Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>597–606</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/a804370a">10.1039/a804370a</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+natural+products&rft.au=Fraser+F.+Fleming%2C+Fraser+F.+Fleming&rft.date=1999&rft.doi=10.1039%2Fa804370a&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.pages=597-606&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:12-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_49-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_49-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_49-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_49-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Camille Scotti, James W. Barlow: <cite style="font-style:italic">Natural Products Containing the Nitrile Functional Group and Their Biological Activities</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Natural Product Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Mai 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1934578X2210999</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X221099973">10.1177/1934578X221099973</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Natural+Products+Containing+the+Nitrile+Functional+Group+and+Their+Biological+Activities&rft.au=Camille+Scotti%2C+James+W.+Barlow&rft.date=2022-05&rft.doi=10.1177%2F1934578X221099973&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Communications&rft.pages=1934578X2210999&rft.volume=17" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anete C Ferraz, Miriam Elizabeth M Angelucci, Mariana L Da Costa, Ilza R Batista, Bras H De Oliveira, Claudio Da Cunha: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pharmacological Evaluation of Ricinine, a Central Nervous System Stimulant Isolated from Ricinus communis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>63</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, Juli 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>367–375</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057%2899%2900007-6">10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00007-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+Evaluation+of+Ricinine%2C+a+Central+Nervous+System+Stimulant+Isolated+from+Ricinus+communis&rft.au=Anete+C+Ferraz%2C+Miriam+Elizabeth+M+Angelucci%2C+Mariana+L+Da+Costa%2C+...&rft.date=1999-07&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0091-3057%2899%2900007-6&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+Biochemistry+and+Behavior&rft.pages=367-375&rft.volume=63" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Mukherjee, A. Chatterjee: <cite style="font-style:italic">Structure and synthesis of nudiflorine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Januar 1966, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1461–1466</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020%2801%2999443-8">10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99443-8</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Structure+and+synthesis+of+nudiflorine&rft.au=R.+Mukherjee%2C+A.+Chatterjee&rft.date=1966-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2801%2999443-8&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.pages=1461-1466&rft.volume=22" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.Soledade C Pedras, Corwin M Nycholat, Sabine Montaut, Yiming Xu, Abdul Q Khan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical defenses of crucifers: elicitation and metabolism of phytoalexins and indole-3-acetonitrile in brown mustard and turnip</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>59</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, März 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>611–625</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422%2802%2900026-2">10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00026-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Chemical+defenses+of+crucifers%3A+elicitation+and+metabolism+of+phytoalexins+and+indole-3-acetonitrile+in+brown+mustard+and+turnip&rft.au=M.Soledade+C+Pedras%2C+Corwin+M+Nycholat%2C+Sabine+Montaut%2C+...&rft.date=2002-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900026-2&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=611-625&rft.volume=59" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Bellirou, A. Bouali, B. Bouammali, N. Boukhatem, B.N. Elmtili, A. Hamal, M. El-Mourabit: <cite style="font-style:italic">Extraction of simmondsin and oil in one step from jojoba seeds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Industrial Crops and Products</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, März 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>229–233</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.04.007">10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.04.007</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+simmondsin+and+oil+in+one+step+from+jojoba+seeds&rft.au=A.+Bellirou%2C+A.+Bouali%2C+B.+Bouammali%2C+...&rft.date=2005-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.indcrop.2004.04.007&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Crops+and+Products&rft.pages=229-233&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Nahrstedt, Victor Wray: <cite style="font-style:italic">Structural revision of a putative cyanogenic glucoside from Ilex aquifolium</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 1990, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3934–3936</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422%2890%2985364-L">10.1016/0031-9422(90)85364-L</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Structural+revision+of+a+putative+cyanogenic+glucoside+from+Ilex+aquifolium&rft.au=Adolf+Nahrstedt%2C+Victor+Wray&rft.date=1990&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0031-9422%2890%2985364-L&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=3934-3936&rft.volume=29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy K. Swenson, John E. Dunn, Eric E. Conn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanogenesis in Acacia sutherlandii</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Januar 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1835–1836</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422%2800%2982299-2">10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82299-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanogenesis+in+Acacia+sutherlandii&rft.au=Wendy+K.+Swenson%2C+John+E.+Dunn%2C+Eric+E.+Conn&rft.date=1987-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2982299-2&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=1835-1836&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin G. Ettlinger, Jerzy W. Jaroszewski, Søren Rosendal Jensen, Bent Juhl Nielsen, Frederick Nartey: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proacacipetalin and acacipetalin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, 1977, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>952</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c39770000952">10.1039/c39770000952</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Proacacipetalin+and+acacipetalin&rft.au=Martin+G.+Ettlinger%2C+Jerzy+W.+Jaroszewski%2C+S%C3%B8ren+Rosendal+Jensen%2C+...&rft.date=1977&rft.doi=10.1039%2Fc39770000952&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Chemical+Communications&rft.pages=952" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K Shanker, M Gupta, S Srivastava, D Bawankule, A Pal, S Khanuja: <cite style="font-style:italic">Determination of bioactive nitrile glycoside(s) in drumstick (Moringa oleifera) by reverse phase HPLC</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Food Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>105</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>376–382</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.034">10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.034</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Determination+of+bioactive+nitrile+glycoside%28s%29+in+drumstick+%28Moringa+oleifera%29+by+reverse+phase+HPLC&rft.au=K+Shanker%2C+M+Gupta%2C+S+Srivastava%2C+...&rft.date=2007&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2006.12.034&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=376-382&rft.volume=105" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. W. Stamler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reproduction in Rats Fed Lathyrus Peas or Aminonitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Experimental Biology and Medicine</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>90</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Oktober 1955, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>294–298</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-90-22013">10.3181/00379727-90-22013</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Reproduction+in+Rats+Fed+Lathyrus+Peas+or+Aminonitriles&rft.au=F.+W.+Stamler&rft.date=1955-10-01&rft.doi=10.3181%2F00379727-90-22013&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.pages=294-298&rft.volume=90" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. D. Schilling, F. M. Strong: <cite style="font-style:italic">ISOLATION, STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF A LATHYRUS FACTOR FROM L. ODORATUS 1</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>76</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Mai 1954, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2848–2848</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01639a084">10.1021/ja01639a084</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=ISOLATION%2C+STRUCTURE+AND+SYNTHESIS+OF+A+LATHYRUS+FACTOR+FROM+L.+ODORATUS+1&rft.au=E.+D.+Schilling%2C+F.+M.+Strong&rft.date=1954-05&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja01639a084&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=2848-2848&rft.volume=76" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammadali Torbati, Hossein Nazemiyeh, Farzaneh Lotfipour, Solmaz Asnaashari, Mahboob Nemati, Fatemeh Fathiazad: <cite style="font-style:italic">Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Heracleum Transcaucasicum and Heracleum Anisactis Aerial Parts Essential Oil</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin</cite>. 2013, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5681/APB.2013.066">10.5681/APB.2013.066</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312869?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24312869</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848220/">PMC 3848220</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Composition+and+Antibacterial+Activity+of+Heracleum+Transcaucasicum+and+Heracleum+Anisactis+Aerial+Parts+Essential+Oil&rft.au=Mohammadali+Torbati%2C+Hossein+Nazemiyeh%2C+Farzaneh+Lotfipour%2C+...&rft.btitle=Advanced+Pharmaceutical+Bulletin&rft.date=2013&rft.doi=10.5681%2FAPB.2013.066&rft.genre=book&rft.pmc=3848220&rft.pmid=24312869" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Lorenz, Sarina Duckstein, Jürgen Conrad, Matthias Knödler, Ulrich Meyer, Florian C. Stintzing: <cite style="font-style:italic">An Approach to the Chemotaxonomic Differentiation of Two European Dog's Mercury Species: Mercurialis annua L. and M. perennis L.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry & Biodiversity</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Februar 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>282–297</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100341">10.1002/cbdv.201100341</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=An+Approach+to+the+Chemotaxonomic+Differentiation+of+Two+European+Dog%27s+Mercury+Species%3A+Mercurialis+annua+L.+and+M.+perennis+L.&rft.au=Peter+Lorenz%2C+Sarina+Duckstein%2C+J%C3%BCrgen+Conrad%2C+...&rft.date=2012-02&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fcbdv.201100341&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biodiversity&rft.pages=282-297&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K.L. Mikolajczak: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanolipids</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and other Lipids</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Januar 1977, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>97–130</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6832%2877%2990013-1">10.1016/0079-6832(77)90013-1</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanolipids&rft.au=K.L.+Mikolajczak&rft.date=1977-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0079-6832%2877%2990013-1&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+the+Chemistry+of+Fats+and+other+Lipids&rft.pages=97-130&rft.volume=15" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Seigler, Wanda Kawahara: <cite style="font-style:italic">New reports of cyanolipids from sapindaceous plants</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biochemical Systematics and Ecology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Januar 1976, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>263–265</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978%2876%2990050-8">10.1016/0305-1978(76)90050-8</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=New+reports+of+cyanolipids+from+sapindaceous+plants&rft.au=David+S.+Seigler%2C+Wanda+Kawahara&rft.date=1976-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0305-1978%2876%2990050-8&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Systematics+and+Ecology&rft.pages=263-265&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E E Conn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanogenic Compounds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Annual Review of Plant Physiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>31</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Juni 1980, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>433–451</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002245">10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002245</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanogenic+Compounds&rft.au=E+E+Conn&rft.date=1980-06&rft.doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.pp.31.060180.002245&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Physiology&rft.pages=433-451&rft.volume=31" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:27-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:27_66-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:27_66-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pablo Díaz-Rueda, Laura Morales de los Ríos, Luis C Romero, Irene García: <cite style="font-style:italic">Old poisons, new signaling molecules: the case of hydrogen cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Experimental Botany</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>74</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, 13. Oktober 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6040–6051</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb%2Ferad317">10.1093/jxb/erad317</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37586035?dopt=Abstract">PMID 37586035</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10575699/">PMC 10575699</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Old+poisons%2C+new+signaling+molecules%3A+the+case+of+hydrogen+cyanide&rft.au=Pablo+D%C3%ADaz-Rueda%2C+Laura+Morales+de+los+R%C3%ADos%2C+Luis+C+Romero%2C+...&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft.doi=10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferad317&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=19&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.pages=6040-6051&rft.pmc=10575699&rft.pmid=37586035&rft.volume=74" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hieng-Ming Ting, Boon Huat Cheah, Yu-Cheng Chen, Pei-Min Yeh, Chiu-Ping Cheng, Freddy Kuok San Yeo, Ane Kjersti Vie, Jens Rohloff, Per Winge, Atle M. Bones, Ralph Kissen: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Role of a Glucosinolate-Derived Nitrile in Plant Immune Responses</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Frontiers in Plant Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, 10. März 2020, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00257">10.3389/fpls.2020.00257</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211010?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32211010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7076197/">PMC 7076197</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+a+Glucosinolate-Derived+Nitrile+in+Plant+Immune+Responses&rft.au=Hieng-Ming+Ting%2C+Boon+Huat+Cheah%2C+Yu-Cheng+Chen%2C+...&rft.btitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.doi=10.3389%2Ffpls.2020.00257&rft.genre=book&rft.pmc=7076197&rft.pmid=32211010&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam M. Wentzell, Daniel J. Kliebenstein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Genotype, Age, Tissue, and Environment Regulate the Structural Outcome of Glucosinolate Activation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Plant Physiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>147</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 28. April 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>415–428</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.115279">10.1104/pp.107.115279</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359845?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18359845</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2330308/">PMC 2330308</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Genotype%2C+Age%2C+Tissue%2C+and+Environment+Regulate+the+Structural+Outcome+of+Glucosinolate+Activation&rft.au=Adam+M.+Wentzell%2C+Daniel+J.+Kliebenstein&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.doi=10.1104%2Fpp.107.115279&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.pages=415-428&rft.pmc=2330308&rft.pmid=18359845&rft.volume=147" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hideji Tanii: <cite style="font-style:italic">Allyl nitrile: Toxicity and health effects</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Occupational Health</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>59</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, März 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>104–111</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.16-0147-RA">10.1539/joh.16-0147-RA</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28132970?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28132970</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5478528/">PMC 5478528</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Allyl+nitrile%3A+Toxicity+and+health+effects&rft.au=Hideji+Tanii&rft.date=2017-03&rft.doi=10.1539%2Fjoh.16-0147-RA&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+Health&rft.pages=104-111&rft.pmc=5478528&rft.pmid=28132970&rft.volume=59" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jinghua Yang, Zhangping Li, Jinmin Lian, Guoning Qi, Pibiao Shi, Jiawei He, Zhongyuan Hu, Mingfang Zhang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Brassicaceae transcriptomes reveal convergent evolution of super-accumulation of sinigrin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Communications Biology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 16. Dezember 2020, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01523-x">10.1038/s42003-020-01523-x</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33328568?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33328568</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7745032/">PMC 7745032</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Brassicaceae+transcriptomes+reveal+convergent+evolution+of+super-accumulation+of+sinigrin&rft.au=Jinghua+Yang%2C+Zhangping+Li%2C+Jinmin+Lian%2C+...&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs42003-020-01523-x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.pmc=7745032&rft.pmid=33328568&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Williams, Christa Critchley, Sharon Pun, Mridusmita Chaliha, Timothy J. O’Hare: <cite style="font-style:italic">Differing mechanisms of simple nitrile formation on glucosinolate degradation in Lepidium sativum and Nasturtium officinale seeds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>70</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11–12</span>, Juli 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1401–1409</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.035">10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.035</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Differing+mechanisms+of+simple+nitrile+formation+on+glucosinolate+degradation+in+Lepidium+sativum+and+Nasturtium+officinale+seeds&rft.au=David+J.+Williams%2C+Christa+Critchley%2C+Sharon+Pun%2C+...&rft.date=2009-07&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2009.07.035&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11-12&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=1401-1409&rft.volume=70" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ani Radonić, Ivica Blažević, Josip Mastelić, Marina Zekić, Mirjana Skočibušić, Ana Maravić: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Cardaria draba (L.) Desv . Volatiles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry & Biodiversity</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Juni 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1170–1181</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201000370">10.1002/cbdv.201000370</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Phytochemical+Analysis+and+Antimicrobial+Activity+of+Cardaria+draba+%28L.%29+Desv+.+Volatiles&rft.au=Ani+Radoni%C4%87%2C+Ivica+Bla%C5%BEevi%C4%87%2C+Josip+Masteli%C4%87%2C+...&rft.date=2011-06&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fcbdv.201000370&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biodiversity&rft.pages=1170-1181&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Islamiyat F. Bolarinwa, Caroline Orfila, Michael R.A. Morgan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Amygdalin content of seeds, kernels and food products commercially-available in the UK</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Food Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>152</span>, Juni 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>133–139</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.002">10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.002</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Amygdalin+content+of+seeds%2C+kernels+and+food+products+commercially-available+in+the+UK&rft.au=Islamiyat+F.+Bolarinwa%2C+Caroline+Orfila%2C+Michael+R.A.+Morgan&rft.btitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.date=2014-06&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2013.11.002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=133-139&rft.volume=152" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C.J Graham: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nonstructural carbohydrate and prunasin composition of peach seedlings fertilized with different nitrogen sources and aluminum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Scientia Horticulturae</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>94</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–2</span>, Mai 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21–32</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238%2801%2900345-4">10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00345-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nonstructural+carbohydrate+and+prunasin+composition+of+peach+seedlings+fertilized+with+different+nitrogen+sources+and+aluminum&rft.au=C.J+Graham&rft.date=2002-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0304-4238%2801%2900345-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1-2&rft.jtitle=Scientia+Horticulturae&rft.pages=21-32&rft.volume=94" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C.J Graham: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nonstructural carbohydrate and prunasin composition of peach seedlings fertilized with different nitrogen sources and aluminum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Scientia Horticulturae</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>94</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–2</span>, Mai 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21–32</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238%2801%2900345-4">10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00345-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nonstructural+carbohydrate+and+prunasin+composition+of+peach+seedlings+fertilized+with+different+nitrogen+sources+and+aluminum&rft.au=C.J+Graham&rft.date=2002-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0304-4238%2801%2900345-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1-2&rft.jtitle=Scientia+Horticulturae&rft.pages=21-32&rft.volume=94" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jandirk Sendker, Therese Ellendorff, Aljoscha Hölzenbein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Occurrence of Benzoic Acid Esters as Putative Catabolites of Prunasin in Senescent Leaves of Prunus laurocerasus</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Natural Products</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>79</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 22. Juli 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1724–1729</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01090">10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01090</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+Benzoic+Acid+Esters+as+Putative+Catabolites+of+Prunasin+in+Senescent+Leaves+of+Prunus+laurocerasus&rft.au=Jandirk+Sendker%2C+Therese+Ellendorff%2C+Aljoscha+H%C3%B6lzenbein&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.5b01090&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.pages=1724-1729&rft.volume=79" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Chassagne, Jean C. Crouzet, Claude L. Bayonove, Raymond L. Baumes: <cite style="font-style:italic">Identification and Quantification of Passion Fruit Cyanogenic Glycosides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>44</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 1. Januar 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3817–3820</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf960381t">10.1021/jf960381t</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Identification+and+Quantification+of+Passion+Fruit+Cyanogenic+Glycosides&rft.au=David+Chassagne%2C+Jean+C.+Crouzet%2C+Claude+L.+Bayonove%2C+...&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjf960381t&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=3817-3820&rft.volume=44" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Seigler, Guido F. Pauli, Adolf Nahrstedt, Rosemary Leen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanogenic allosides and glucosides from Passiflora edulis and Carica papaya</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>60</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>873–882</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422%2802%2900170-X">10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00170-X</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanogenic+allosides+and+glucosides+from+Passiflora+edulis+and+Carica+papaya&rft.au=David+S.+Seigler%2C+Guido+F.+Pauli%2C+Adolf+Nahrstedt%2C+...&rft.date=2002-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2802%2900170-X&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=873-882&rft.volume=60" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mateja Senica, Franci Stampar, Robert Veberic, Maja Mikulic‐Petkovsek: <cite style="font-style:italic">The higher the better? Differences in phenolics and cyanogenic glycosides in Sambucus nigra leaves, flowers and berries from different altitudes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>97</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, Juni 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2623–2632</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8085">10.1002/jsfa.8085</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+higher+the+better%3F+Differences+in+phenolics+and+cyanogenic+glycosides+in+Sambucus+nigra+leaves%2C+flowers+and+berries+from+different+altitudes&rft.au=Mateja+Senica%2C+Franci+Stampar%2C+Robert+Veberic%2C+...&rft.date=2017-06&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fjsfa.8085&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Science+of+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.pages=2623-2632&rft.volume=97" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rex A. Buhrmester, John E. Ebinger, David S. Seigler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sambunigrin and cyanogenic variability in populations of Sambucus canadensis L. (Caprifoliaceae)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biochemical Systematics and Ecology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>28</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, August 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>689–695</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978%2899%2900105-2">10.1016/S0305-1978(99)00105-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Sambunigrin+and+cyanogenic+variability+in+populations+of+Sambucus+canadensis+L.+%28Caprifoliaceae%29&rft.au=Rex+A.+Buhrmester%2C+John+E.+Ebinger%2C+David+S.+Seigler&rft.date=2000-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0305-1978%2899%2900105-2&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Systematics+and+Ecology&rft.pages=689-695&rft.volume=28" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nhat Hao Tran Le, Karl Egil Malterud, Drissa Diallo, Berit Smestad Paulsen, Cecilie Sogn Nergård, Helle Wangensteen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioactive polyphenols in Ximenia americana and the traditional use among Malian healers</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Ethnopharmacology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>139</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, Februar 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>858–862</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.031">10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.031</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Bioactive+polyphenols+in+Ximenia+americana+and+the+traditional+use+among+Malian+healers&rft.au=Nhat+Hao+Tran+Le%2C+Karl+Egil+Malterud%2C+Drissa+Diallo%2C+...&rft.date=2012-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jep.2011.12.031&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.pages=858-862&rft.volume=139" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Kofod, R. Eyjólfsson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanogenesis in species of the fern genera Cystopteris and Davalla</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 1969, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1509–1511</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422%2800%2985922-1">10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85922-1</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanogenesis+in+species+of+the+fern+genera+Cystopteris+and+Davalla&rft.au=H.+Kofod%2C+R.+Eyj%C3%B3lfsson&rft.date=1969-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2985922-1&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=1509-1511&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles F. Nicollier, Daniel F. Pope, Alonzo C. Thompson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biological activity of dhurrin and other compounds from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>31</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Juli 1983, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>744–748</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00118a016">10.1021/jf00118a016</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Biological+activity+of+dhurrin+and+other+compounds+from+Johnson+grass+%28Sorghum+halepense%29&rft.au=Gilles+F.+Nicollier%2C+Daniel+F.+Pope%2C+Alonzo+C.+Thompson&rft.date=1983-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjf00118a016&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=744-748&rft.volume=31" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomas Laursen, Jonas Borch, Camilla Knudsen, Krutika Bavishi, Federico Torta, Helle Juel Martens, Daniele Silvestro, Nikos S. Hatzakis, Markus R. Wenk, Timothy R. Dafforn, Carl Erik Olsen, Mohammed Saddik Motawia, Björn Hamberger, Birger Lindberg Møller, Jean-Etienne Bassard: <cite style="font-style:italic">Characterization of a dynamic metabolon producing the defense compound dhurrin in sorghum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>354</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6314</span>, 18. November 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>890–893</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2347">10.1126/science.aag2347</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+a+dynamic+metabolon+producing+the+defense+compound+dhurrin+in+sorghum&rft.au=Tomas+Laursen%2C+Jonas+Borch%2C+Camilla+Knudsen%2C+...&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aag2347&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6314&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=890-893&rft.volume=354" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G.W. Butler: <cite style="font-style:italic">The distribution of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin in higher plants</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Februar 1965, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>127–131</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422%2800%2986154-3">10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86154-3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+the+cyanoglucosides+linamarin+and+lotaustralin+in+higher+plants&rft.au=G.W.+Butler&rft.date=1965-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2986154-3&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=127-131&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. P. Cereda, M.C.Y. Mattos: <cite style="font-style:italic">LINAMARIN: THE TOXIC COMPOUND OF CASSAVA</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>06–12</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-79301996000100002">10.1590/S0104-79301996000100002</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=LINAMARIN%3A+THE+TOXIC+COMPOUND+OF+CASSAVA&rft.au=M.+P.+Cereda%2C+M.C.Y.+Mattos&rft.date=1996&rft.doi=10.1590%2FS0104-79301996000100002&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Venomous+Animals+and+Toxins&rft.pages=06-12&rft.volume=2" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthias Onyebuchi Agbo, Daowan Lai, Festus B.C. Okoye, Patience O. Osadebe, Peter Proksch: <cite style="font-style:italic">Antioxidative polyphenols from Nigerian mistletoe Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) parasitizing on Hevea brasiliensis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fitoterapia</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>86</span>, April 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>78–83</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.02.006">10.1016/j.fitote.2013.02.006</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Antioxidative+polyphenols+from+Nigerian+mistletoe+Loranthus+micranthus+%28Linn.%29+parasitizing+on+Hevea+brasiliensis&rft.au=Matthias+Onyebuchi+Agbo%2C+Daowan+Lai%2C+Festus+B.C.+Okoye%2C+...&rft.btitle=Fitoterapia&rft.date=2013-04&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.fitote.2013.02.006&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=78-83&rft.volume=86" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Lieberei, D. Selmar, B. Biehl: <cite style="font-style:italic">Metabolization of cyanogenic glucosides in Hevea brasiliensis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Plant Systematics and Evolution</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>150</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–2</span>, 1985, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>49–63</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985567">10.1007/BF00985567</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Metabolization+of+cyanogenic+glucosides+in+Hevea+brasiliensis&rft.au=R.+Lieberei%2C+D.+Selmar%2C+B.+Biehl&rft.date=1985&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF00985567&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1-2&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.pages=49-63&rft.volume=150" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:13-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:13_89-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:13_89-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mika Zagrobelny, Érika de Castro, Birger Møller, Søren Bak: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanogenesis in Arthropods: From Chemical Warfare to Nuptial Gifts</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Insects</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 3. Mai 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>51</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020051">10.3390/insects9020051</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29751568?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29751568</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6023451/">PMC 6023451</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanogenesis+in+Arthropods%3A+From+Chemical+Warfare+to+Nuptial+Gifts&rft.au=Mika+Zagrobelny%2C+%C3%89rika+de+Castro%2C+Birger+M%C3%B8ller%2C+...&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.doi=10.3390%2Finsects9020051&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Insects&rft.pages=51&rft.pmc=6023451&rft.pmid=29751568&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritsuo Nishida, Miriam Rothschild, Rosemary Mummery: <cite style="font-style:italic">Acyanoglucoside, sarmentosin, from the magpie moth, Abraxas grossulariata, geometridae: Lepidoptera</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>36</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Mai 1994, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37–38</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422%2800%2997007-9">10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97007-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Acyanoglucoside%2C+sarmentosin%2C+from+the+magpie+moth%2C+Abraxas+grossulariata%2C+geometridae%3A+Lepidoptera&rft.au=Ritsuo+Nishida%2C+Miriam+Rothschild%2C+Rosemary+Mummery&rft.date=1994-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2997007-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.pages=37-38&rft.volume=36" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanna Bjarnholt, Mirosław Nakonieczny, Andrzej Kędziorski, Diane M. Debinski, Stephen F. Matter, Carl Erik Olsen, Mika Zagrobelny: <cite style="font-style:italic">Occurrence of Sarmentosin and Other Hydroxynitrile Glucosides in Parnassius (Papilionidae) Butterflies and Their Food Plants</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Chemical Ecology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Mai 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>525–537</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0114-x">10.1007/s10886-012-0114-x</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+Sarmentosin+and+Other+Hydroxynitrile+Glucosides+in+Parnassius+%28Papilionidae%29+Butterflies+and+Their+Food+Plants&rft.au=Nanna+Bjarnholt%2C+Miros%C5%82aw+Nakonieczny%2C+Andrzej+K%C4%99dziorski%2C+...&rft.date=2012-05&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs10886-012-0114-x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Ecology&rft.pages=525-537&rft.volume=38" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Aldrich, S. P. Carroll, W. R. Lusby, M. J. Thompson, J. P. Kochansky, R. M. Waters: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sapindaceae, cyanolipids, and bugs</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Chemical Ecology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1990, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>199–210</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01021279">10.1007/BF01021279</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Sapindaceae%2C+cyanolipids%2C+and+bugs&rft.au=J.+R.+Aldrich%2C+S.+P.+Carroll%2C+W.+R.+Lusby%2C+...&rft.date=1990-01&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01021279&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Ecology&rft.pages=199-210&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.C. Braekman, D. Daloze, J.M. Pasteels: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanogenic and other glucosides in a neo-guinean bug Leptocoris isolata: Possible precursors in its host-plant</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biochemical Systematics and Ecology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Dezember 1982, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>355–364</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978%2882%2990010-2">10.1016/0305-1978(82)90010-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanogenic+and+other+glucosides+in+a+neo-guinean+bug+Leptocoris+isolata%3A+Possible+precursors+in+its+host-plant&rft.au=J.C.+Braekman%2C+D.+Daloze%2C+J.M.+Pasteels&rft.date=1982-12&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0305-1978%2882%2990010-2&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Systematics+and+Ecology&rft.pages=355-364&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mika Zagrobelny, Karsten Scheibye-Alsing, Niels Bjerg Jensen, Birger Lindberg Møller, Jan Gorodkin, Søren Bak: <cite style="font-style:italic">454 pyrosequencing based transcriptome analysis of Zygaena filipendulae with focus on genes involved in biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">BMC Genomics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Dezember 2009, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-574">10.1186/1471-2164-10-574</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954531?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19954531</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791780/">PMC 2791780</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=454+pyrosequencing+based+transcriptome+analysis+of+Zygaena+filipendulae+with+focus+on+genes+involved+in+biosynthesis+of+cyanogenic+glucosides&rft.au=Mika+Zagrobelny%2C+Karsten+Scheibye-Alsing%2C+Niels+Bjerg+Jensen%2C+...&rft.date=2009-12&rft.doi=10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-574&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&rft.pmc=2791780&rft.pmid=19954531&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Nahrstedt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanogenesis and foodplants</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phytochemistry and Agriculture</cite>. Oxford University Press Oxford, 1993, ISBN 0-19-857762-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>107–129</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanogenesis+and+foodplants&rft.au=Adolf+Nahrstedt&rft.btitle=Phytochemistry+and+Agriculture&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0198577621&rft.pages=107-129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Oxford" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ljubodrag V. Vujisić, Ivan M. Vučković, Slobodan E. Makarov, Bojan S. Ilić, Dragan Ž. Antić, Milka B. Jadranin, Nina M. Todorović, Ivan V. Mrkić, Vlatka E. Vajs, Luka R. Lučić, Božidar P. M. Ćurčić, Bojan M. Mitić: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry of the sternal gland secretion of the Mediterranean centipede Himantarium gabrielis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Himantariidae)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Naturwissenschaften</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>100</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, September 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>861–870</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-013-1086-6">10.1007/s00114-013-1086-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+the+sternal+gland+secretion+of+the+Mediterranean+centipede+Himantarium+gabrielis+%28Linnaeus%2C+1767%29+%28Chilopoda%3A+Geophilomorpha%3A+Himantariidae%29&rft.au=Ljubodrag+V.+Vujisi%C4%87%2C+Ivan+M.+Vu%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87%2C+Slobodan+E.+Makarov%2C+...&rft.date=2013-09&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs00114-013-1086-6&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.pages=861-870&rft.volume=100" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karsten Seidelmann, Heike Weinert, Hans-Jörg Ferenz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Wings and legs are production sites for the desert locust courtship-inhibition pheromone, phenylacetonitrile</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Insect Physiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>49</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, Dezember 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1125–1133</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.08.005">10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.08.005</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Wings+and+legs+are+production+sites+for+the+desert+locust+courtship-inhibition+pheromone%2C+phenylacetonitrile&rft.au=Karsten+Seidelmann%2C+Heike+Weinert%2C+Hans-J%C3%B6rg+Ferenz&rft.date=2003-12&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jinsphys.2003.08.005&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Physiology&rft.pages=1125-1133&rft.volume=49" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. S. Duffey, M. S. Blum, H. M. Fales, S. L. Evans, R. W. Roncadori, D. L. Tiemann, Y. Nakagawa: <cite style="font-style:italic">Benzoyl cyanide and mandelonitrile benzoate in the defensive secretions of millipedes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Chemical Ecology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1977, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>101–113</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988137">10.1007/BF00988137</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Benzoyl+cyanide+and+mandelonitrile+benzoate+in+the+defensive+secretions+of+millipedes&rft.au=S.+S.+Duffey%2C+M.+S.+Blum%2C+H.+M.+Fales%2C+...&rft.date=1977&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF00988137&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Ecology&rft.pages=101-113&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Brückner, Günther Raspotnig, Katja Wehner, Reinhard Meusinger, Roy A. Norton, Michael Heethoff: <cite style="font-style:italic">Storage and release of hydrogen cyanide in a chelicerate ( Oribatula tibialis )</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>114</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, 28. März 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3469–3472</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618327114">10.1073/pnas.1618327114</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28289203?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28289203</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380029/">PMC 5380029</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Storage+and+release+of+hydrogen+cyanide+in+a+chelicerate+%28+Oribatula+tibialis+%29&rft.au=Adrian+Br%C3%BCckner%2C+G%C3%BCnther+Raspotnig%2C+Katja+Wehner%2C+...&rft.date=2017-03-28&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1618327114&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=3469-3472&rft.pmc=5380029&rft.pmid=28289203&rft.volume=114" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guido Cimino, Margherita Gavagnin, Guido Sodano, Aldo Spinella, Giuseppe Strazzullo, Francis J. Schmitz, Gopichand Yalamanchili: <cite style="font-style:italic">Revised structure of bursatellin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>52</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, Mai 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2301–2303</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00387a037">10.1021/jo00387a037</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Revised+structure+of+bursatellin&rft.au=Guido+Cimino%2C+Margherita+Gavagnin%2C+Guido+Sodano%2C+...&rft.date=1987-05&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00387a037&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=2301-2303&rft.volume=52" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Annika Fagerholm, Damien Habrant, Ari M. Koskinen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Calyculins and Related Marine Natural Products as Serine-Threonine Protein Phosphatase PP1 and PP2A Inhibitors and Total Syntheses of Calyculin A, B, and C</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Marine Drugs</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 21. Januar 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>122–172</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/md80100122">10.3390/md80100122</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161975?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20161975</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817927/">PMC 2817927</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Calyculins+and+Related+Marine+Natural+Products+as+Serine-Threonine+Protein+Phosphatase+PP1+and+PP2A+Inhibitors+and+Total+Syntheses+of+Calyculin+A%2C+B%2C+and+C&rft.au=Annika+Fagerholm%2C+Damien+Habrant%2C+Ari+M.+Koskinen&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fmd80100122&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Marine+Drugs&rft.pages=122-172&rft.pmc=2817927&rft.pmid=20161975&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuele Sala, Jane Fromont, Oliver Gomez, Daniel Vuong, Ernest Lacey, Gavin R. Flematti: <cite style="font-style:italic">Albanitriles A–G: Antiprotozoal Polyacetylene Nitriles from a Mycale Marine Sponge</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Natural Products</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>82</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 27. Dezember 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3450–3455</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00840">10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00840</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Albanitriles+A-G%3A+Antiprotozoal+Polyacetylene+Nitriles+from+a+Mycale+Marine+Sponge&rft.au=Samuele+Sala%2C+Jane+Fromont%2C+Oliver+Gomez%2C+...&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.jnatprod.9b00840&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.pages=3450-3455&rft.volume=82" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C J Knowles: <cite style="font-style:italic">Microorganisms and cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bacteriological Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, September 1976, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>652–680</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.3.652-680.1976">10.1128/br.40.3.652-680.1976</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/791236?dopt=Abstract">PMID 791236</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413975/">PMC 413975</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Microorganisms+and+cyanide&rft.au=C+J+Knowles&rft.date=1976-09&rft.doi=10.1128%2Fbr.40.3.652-680.1976&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Bacteriological+Reviews&rft.pages=652-680&rft.pmc=413975&rft.pmid=791236&rft.volume=40" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hideyuki Takahashi, Koohei Nozawa, Ken-ichi Kawai: <cite style="font-style:italic">Isolation and Structures of Dicyanide Derivatives, Epurpurins A to C, from Emericella purpurea.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>44</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2227–2230</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.44.2227">10.1248/cpb.44.2227</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Isolation+and+Structures+of+Dicyanide+Derivatives%2C+Epurpurins+A+to+C%2C+from+Emericella+purpurea.&rft.au=Hideyuki+Takahashi%2C+Koohei+Nozawa%2C+Ken-ichi+Kawai&rft.date=1996&rft.doi=10.1248%2Fcpb.44.2227&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Chemical+and+Pharmaceutical+Bulletin&rft.pages=2227-2230&rft.volume=44" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marjorie Anchel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Metabolic products of Clitocybe diatreta. I. Diatretyne amide and diatretyne nitrile</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>78</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, November 1958, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>100–110</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861%2858%2990318-7">10.1016/0003-9861(58)90318-7</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Metabolic+products+of+Clitocybe+diatreta.+I.+Diatretyne+amide+and+diatretyne+nitrile&rft.au=Marjorie+Anchel&rft.date=1958-11&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0003-9861%2858%2990318-7&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Biochemistry+and+Biophysics&rft.pages=100-110&rft.volume=78" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. G. Heatley, J. S. Stephenson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Identity of ‘Nudic Acid B’ and ‘Diatretyne II’</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>179</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4569</span>, Mai 1957, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1078–1078</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/1791078a0">10.1038/1791078a0</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Identity+of+%E2%80%98Nudic+Acid+B%E2%80%99+and+%E2%80%98Diatretyne+II%E2%80%99&rft.au=N.+G.+Heatley%2C+J.+S.+Stephenson&rft.date=1957-05&rft.doi=10.1038%2F1791078a0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4569&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=1078-1078&rft.volume=179" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Caspar, Peter Spiteller: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Free Cyanohydrin as Arms and Armour of Marasmius oreades</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ChemBioChem</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 2. März 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>570–573</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201402453">10.1002/cbic.201402453</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+Free+Cyanohydrin+as+Arms+and+Armour+of+Marasmius+oreades&rft.au=Jan+Caspar%2C+Peter+Spiteller&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fcbic.201402453&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=ChemBioChem&rft.pages=570-573&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anju Sehrawat, Satyavir S. Sindhu, Bernard R. Glick: <cite style="font-style:italic">Hydrogen cyanide production by soil bacteria: Biological control of pests and promotion of plant growth in sustainable agriculture</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pedosphere</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Februar 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15–38</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160%2821%2960058-9">10.1016/S1002-0160(21)60058-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+cyanide+production+by+soil+bacteria%3A+Biological+control+of+pests+and+promotion+of+plant+growth+in+sustainable+agriculture&rft.au=Anju+Sehrawat%2C+Satyavir+S.+Sindhu%2C+Bernard+R.+Glick&rft.date=2022-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS1002-0160%2821%2960058-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Pedosphere&rft.pages=15-38&rft.volume=32" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogo Montes Vidal, Anna‐Lena von Rymon‐Lipinski, Srinivasa Ravella, Ulrike Groenhagen, Jennifer Herrmann, Nestor Zaburannyi, Paulo H. G. Zarbin, Adithi R. Varadarajan, Christian H. Ahrens, Laure Weisskopf, Rolf Müller, Stefan Schulz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Long‐Chain Alkyl Cyanides: Unprecedented Volatile Compounds Released by Pseudomonas and Micromonospora Bacteria</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>56</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, 3. April 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4342–4346</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201611940">10.1002/anie.201611940</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Long%E2%80%90Chain+Alkyl+Cyanides%3A+Unprecedented+Volatile+Compounds+Released+by+Pseudomonas+and+Micromonospora+Bacteria&rft.au=Diogo+Montes+Vidal%2C+Anna%E2%80%90Lena+von+Rymon%E2%80%90Lipinski%2C+Srinivasa+Ravella%2C+...&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201611940&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=4342-4346&rft.volume=56" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel P. Cioni, James R. Doroghazi, Kou-San Ju, Xiaomin Yu, Bradley S. Evans, Jaeheon Lee, William W. Metcalf: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanohydrin Phosphonate Natural Product from Streptomyces regensis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Natural Products</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>77</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 28. Februar 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>243–249</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/np400722m">10.1021/np400722m</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24437999?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24437999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993929/">PMC 3993929</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanohydrin+Phosphonate+Natural+Product+from+Streptomyces+regensis&rft.au=Joel+P.+Cioni%2C+James+R.+Doroghazi%2C+Kou-San+Ju%2C+...&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fnp400722m&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.pages=243-249&rft.pmc=3993929&rft.pmid=24437999&rft.volume=77" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanjoy Adak, April L. Lukowski, Rebecca J. B. Schäfer, Bradley S. Moore: <cite style="font-style:italic">From Tryptophan to Toxin: Nature’s Convergent Biosynthetic Strategy to Aetokthonotoxin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>144</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 23. Februar 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2861–2866</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c12778">10.1021/jacs.1c12778</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35142504?dopt=Abstract">PMID 35142504</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9004672/">PMC 9004672</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=From+Tryptophan+to+Toxin%3A+Nature%E2%80%99s+Convergent+Biosynthetic+Strategy+to+Aetokthonotoxin&rft.au=Sanjoy+Adak%2C+April+L.+Lukowski%2C+Rebecca+J.+B.+Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+...&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjacs.1c12778&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=2861-2866&rft.pmc=9004672&rft.pmid=35142504&rft.volume=144" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:28-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:28_112-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:28_112-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Max P. Bernstein, Samantha F. M. Ashbourn, Scott A. Sandford, Louis J. Allamandola: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Lifetimes of Nitriles (CN) and Acids (COOH) during Ultraviolet Photolysis and Their Survival in Space</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Astrophysical Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>601</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 20. Januar 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>365–370</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/380306">10.1086/380306</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Lifetimes+of+Nitriles+%28CN%29+and+Acids+%28COOH%29+during+Ultraviolet+Photolysis+and+Their+Survival+in+Space&rft.au=Max+P.+Bernstein%2C+Samantha+F.+M.+Ashbourn%2C+Scott+A.+Sandford%2C+...&rft.date=2004-01-20&rft.doi=10.1086%2F380306&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=365-370&rft.volume=601" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S Green: <cite style="font-style:italic">Interstellar Chemistry: Exotic Molecules in Space</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Annual Review of Physical Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Oktober 1981, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>103–138</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.32.100181.000535">10.1146/annurev.pc.32.100181.000535</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Interstellar+Chemistry%3A+Exotic+Molecules+in+Space&rft.au=S+Green&rft.date=1981-10&rft.doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.pc.32.100181.000535&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.pages=103-138&rft.volume=32" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Carter, Mary M. Nijhout: <cite style="font-style:italic">Control of Gamete Formation (Exflagellation) in Malaria Parasites</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>195</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4276</span>, 28. Januar 1977, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>407–409</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.12566">10.1126/science.12566</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Control+of+Gamete+Formation+%28Exflagellation%29+in+Malaria+Parasites&rft.au=Richard+Carter%2C+Mary+M.+Nijhout&rft.date=1977-01-28&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.12566&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4276&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=407-409&rft.volume=195" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Claude Guillemin, Miloud Bouyahyi, El Hassan Riague: <cite style="font-style:italic">Prebiotic, planetary and interstellar chemistry starting from compounds detected in the interstellar medium</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advances in Space Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>33</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>81–87</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.015">10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.015</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Prebiotic%2C+planetary+and+interstellar+chemistry+starting+from+compounds+detected+in+the+interstellar+medium&rft.au=Jean-Claude+Guillemin%2C+Miloud+Bouyahyi%2C+El+Hassan+Riague&rft.date=2004-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.asr.2003.07.015&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.pages=81-87&rft.volume=33" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:15-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:15_116-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:15_116-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:15_116-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas F. Wogan, David C. Catling, Kevin J. Zahnle, Roxana Lupu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Origin-of-life Molecules in the Atmosphere after Big Impacts on the Early Earth</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Planetary Science Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 1. September 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>169</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ%2Faced83">10.3847/PSJ/aced83</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Origin-of-life+Molecules+in+the+Atmosphere+after+Big+Impacts+on+the+Early+Earth&rft.au=Nicholas+F.+Wogan%2C+David+C.+Catling%2C+Kevin+J.+Zahnle%2C+...&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft.doi=10.3847%2FPSJ%2Faced83&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Science+Journal&rft.pages=169&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:14-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:14_117-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:14_117-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Yannick Vallee, Ibrahim Shalayel, Kieu-Dung Ly, K. V. Raghavendra Rao, Gael De Paëpe, Katharina Märker, Anne Milet: <cite style="font-style:italic">At the very beginning of life on Earth: the thiol-rich peptide (TRP) world hypothesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The International Journal of Developmental Biology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>61</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8–9</span>, 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>471–478</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.170028yv">10.1387/ijdb.170028yv</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=At+the+very+beginning+of+life+on+Earth%3A+the+thiol-rich+peptide+%28TRP%29+world+hypothesis&rft.au=Yannick+Vallee%2C+Ibrahim+Shalayel%2C+Kieu-Dung+Ly%2C+...&rft.date=2017&rft.doi=10.1387%2Fijdb.170028yv&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8-9&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Developmental+Biology&rft.pages=471-478&rft.volume=61" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:29-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:29_118-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:29_118-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">James P. Ferris, William J. Hagan: <cite style="font-style:italic">HCN and chemical evolution: The possible role of cyano compounds in prebiotic synthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Januar 1984, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1093–1120</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020%2801%2999315-9">10.1016/S0040-4020(01)99315-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=HCN+and+chemical+evolution%3A+The+possible+role+of+cyano+compounds+in+prebiotic+synthesis&rft.au=James+P.+Ferris%2C+William+J.+Hagan&rft.date=1984-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2801%2999315-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.pages=1093-1120&rft.volume=40" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Chimiak, J. Eiler, A. Sessions, C. Blumenfeld, M. Klatte, B.M. Stoltz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Isotope effects at the origin of life: Fingerprints of the Strecker synthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>321</span>, März 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>78–98</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2022.01.015">10.1016/j.gca.2022.01.015</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Isotope+effects+at+the+origin+of+life%3A+Fingerprints+of+the+Strecker+synthesis&rft.au=L.+Chimiak%2C+J.+Eiler%2C+A.+Sessions%2C+...&rft.btitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.date=2022-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.gca.2022.01.015&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=78-98&rft.volume=321" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim Shalayel, Seydou Coulibaly, Kieu Ly, Anne Milet, Yannick Vallée: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: A Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Life</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 19. Oktober 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/life8040047">10.3390/life8040047</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30347745?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30347745</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316830/">PMC 6316830</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Reaction+of+Aminonitriles+with+Aminothiols%3A+A+Way+to+Thiol-Containing+Peptides+and+Nitrogen+Heterocycles+in+the+Primitive+Earth+Ocean&rft.au=Ibrahim+Shalayel%2C+Seydou+Coulibaly%2C+Kieu+Ly%2C+...&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.doi=10.3390%2Flife8040047&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.pages=47&rft.pmc=6316830&rft.pmid=30347745&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_121-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_121-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Laue, Andreas Plagens: <cite style="font-style:italic">Namen- und Schlagwort-Reaktionen der Organischen Chemie</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Teubner Studienbücher Chemie</cite>. 1994, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-94726-0">10.1007/978-3-322-94726-0</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Namen-+und+Schlagwort-Reaktionen+der+Organischen+Chemie&rft.au=Thomas+Laue%2C+Andreas+Plagens&rft.btitle=Teubner+Studienb%C3%BCcher+Chemie&rft.date=1994&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-322-94726-0&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. R. Lynn, Peter E. Yankwich: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanide Carbon Isotope Fractionation in the Reaction of Cyanide Ion and Methyl Iodide. Carbon Isotope Effect in the Hydrolysis of Methyl Iodide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>83</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1961, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>53–57</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01462a010">10.1021/ja01462a010</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanide+Carbon+Isotope+Fractionation+in+the+Reaction+of+Cyanide+Ion+and+Methyl+Iodide.+Carbon+Isotope+Effect+in+the+Hydrolysis+of+Methyl+Iodide&rft.au=K.+R.+Lynn%2C+Peter+E.+Yankwich&rft.date=1961-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja01462a010&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=53-57&rft.volume=83" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. E. Ham, Jane Stevens: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reaction of 1,2-Dihaloethanes with Sodium Cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, Dezember 1962, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4638–4639</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01059a504">10.1021/jo01059a504</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Reaction+of+1%2C2-Dihaloethanes+with+Sodium+Cyanide&rft.au=G.+E.+Ham%2C+Jane+Stevens&rft.date=1962-12&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo01059a504&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=4638-4639&rft.volume=27" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cinzia Chiappe, Daniela Pieraccini, Paola Saullo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Substrate and Solvent Effect in the Reaction of NaN 3 and KCN with Alkyl Halides and Tosylates</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>68</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 1. August 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6710–6715</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo026838h">10.1021/jo026838h</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nucleophilic+Displacement+Reactions+in+Ionic+Liquids%3A+Substrate+and+Solvent+Effect+in+the+Reaction+of+NaN+3+and+KCN+with+Alkyl+Halides+and+Tosylates&rft.au=Cinzia+Chiappe%2C+Daniela+Pieraccini%2C+Paola+Saullo&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo026838h&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=6710-6715&rft.volume=68" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Nagata, M. Yoshioka, S. Hirai: <cite style="font-style:italic">Hydrocyanation. IV. New hydrocyanation methods using hydrogen cyanide and an alkylaluminum, and an alkylaluminum cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>94</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, Juni 1972, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4635–4643</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00768a037">10.1021/ja00768a037</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Hydrocyanation.+IV.+New+hydrocyanation+methods+using+hydrogen+cyanide+and+an+alkylaluminum%2C+and+an+alkylaluminum+cyanide&rft.au=W.+Nagata%2C+M.+Yoshioka%2C+S.+Hirai&rft.date=1972-06&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja00768a037&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=4635-4643&rft.volume=94" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Nagata, M. Yoshioka, T. Okumura: <cite style="font-style:italic">Hydrocyanation. Part X. Cleavage of epoxides with hydrogen cyanide and triethylaluminium and with diethylaluminium cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 1970, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2365</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/j39700002365">10.1039/j39700002365</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Hydrocyanation.+Part+X.+Cleavage+of+epoxides+with+hydrogen+cyanide+and+triethylaluminium+and+with+diethylaluminium+cyanide&rft.au=W.+Nagata%2C+M.+Yoshioka%2C+T.+Okumura&rft.date=1970&rft.doi=10.1039%2Fj39700002365&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society+C%3A+Organic&rft.pages=2365" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey C. Mullis, William P. Weber: <cite style="font-style:italic">Regiospecificity of reactions of epoxides and oxetanes with trimethylsilyl cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, Juli 1982, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2873–2875</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00136a011">10.1021/jo00136a011</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Regiospecificity+of+reactions+of+epoxides+and+oxetanes+with+trimethylsilyl+cyanide&rft.au=Jeffrey+C.+Mullis%2C+William+P.+Weber&rft.date=1982-07&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00136a011&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=2873-2875&rft.volume=47" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hongru Zhang, Xin Su, Kaiwu Dong: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recent progress in transition-metal-catalyzed hydrocyanation of nonpolar alkenes and alkynes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>391–399</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9OB02374G">10.1039/C9OB02374G</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Recent+progress+in+transition-metal-catalyzed+hydrocyanation+of+nonpolar+alkenes+and+alkynes&rft.au=Hongru+Zhang%2C+Xin+Su%2C+Kaiwu+Dong&rft.date=2020&rft.doi=10.1039%2FC9OB02374G&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Organic+%26+Biomolecular+Chemistry&rft.pages=391-399&rft.volume=18" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_129-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_129-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Muthupandian Ganesan, Paramathevar Nagaraaj: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recent developments in dehydration of primary amides to nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Chemistry Frontiers</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3792–3814</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D0QO00843E">10.1039/D0QO00843E</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+dehydration+of+primary+amides+to+nitriles&rft.au=Muthupandian+Ganesan%2C+Paramathevar+Nagaraaj&rft.date=2020&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD0QO00843E&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Organic+Chemistry+Frontiers&rft.pages=3792-3814&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_130-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_130-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dilip Konwar, Monalisa Boruah, Gautom Kumar Sarmah, Nayan Kamal Bhattacharyya, Naleen Borthakur, Birendra Nath Goswami, Kumar Ranjan Boruah: <cite style="font-style:italic">Aluminium Chloride and Sodium Iodide (AlCl<sub>3</sub>-NaI): A Versatile Dehydrating Agent</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Chemical Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2001</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, November 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>490–492</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3184/030823401103168604">10.3184/030823401103168604</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Aluminium+Chloride+and+Sodium+Iodide+%28AlCl3-NaI%29%3A+A+Versatile+Dehydrating+Agent&rft.au=Dilip+Konwar%2C+Monalisa+Boruah%2C+Gautom+Kumar+Sarmah%2C+...&rft.date=2001-11&rft.doi=10.3184%2F030823401103168604&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Research&rft.pages=490-492&rft.volume=2001" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_131-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_131-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Imen Talbi, Mohamed Lotfi Efrit, Soufiane Touil: <cite style="font-style:italic">Efficient New Protocols for Converting Primary Amides into Nitriles Initiated by P(NMe 2 ) 3 , PCl 3 , or P(OPh) 3</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ACS Omega</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 31. Mai 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5078–5082</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00544">10.1021/acsomega.8b00544</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31458722?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31458722</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6641971/">PMC 6641971</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Efficient+New+Protocols+for+Converting+Primary+Amides+into+Nitriles+Initiated+by+P%28NMe+2+%29+3+%2C+PCl+3+%2C+or+P%28OPh%29+3&rft.au=Imen+Talbi%2C+Mohamed+Lotfi+Efrit%2C+Soufiane+Touil&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facsomega.8b00544&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=ACS+Omega&rft.pages=5078-5082&rft.pmc=6641971&rft.pmid=31458722&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muthupandian Ganesan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Methods for Direct Conversion of Primary Nitroalkanes to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Current Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, 22. Dezember 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2990–3003</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174/1385272825666211126124835">10.2174/1385272825666211126124835</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Methods+for+Direct+Conversion+of+Primary+Nitroalkanes+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Muthupandian+Ganesan&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.doi=10.2174%2F1385272825666211126124835&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Current+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=2990-3003&rft.volume=25" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Z. Shahsavari-Fard, A. R. Sardarian: <cite style="font-style:italic">Diethyl chlorophosphate: A new alternative reagent for dehydration of primary amides to nitriles in solvent and solvent-free conditions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, März 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>204–208</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03246217">10.1007/BF03246217</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Diethyl+chlorophosphate%3A+A+new+alternative+reagent+for+dehydration+of+primary+amides+to+nitriles+in+solvent+and+solvent-free+conditions&rft.au=Z.+Shahsavari-Fard%2C+A.+R.+Sardarian&rft.date=2011-03&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF03246217&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Iranian+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=204-208&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">2-ETHYLHEXANONITRILE</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Syntheses</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, 1952, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>65</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15227/orgsyn.032.0065">10.15227/orgsyn.032.0065</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=2-ETHYLHEXANONITRILE&rft.btitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.date=1952&rft.doi=10.15227%2Forgsyn.032.0065&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=65&rft.volume=32" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Babad, Andrew G. Zeiler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry of phosgene</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>73</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Februar 1973, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>75–91</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60281a005">10.1021/cr60281a005</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+phosgene&rft.au=Harry+Babad%2C+Andrew+G.+Zeiler&rft.date=1973-02-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr60281a005&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=75-91&rft.volume=73" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammed H. Al‐Huniti, Mitchell P. Croatt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Metal‐Catalyzed Dehydration of Primary Amides to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Oktober 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1791–1799</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajoc.201900343">10.1002/ajoc.201900343</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Metal%E2%80%90Catalyzed+Dehydration+of+Primary+Amides+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Mohammed+H.+Al%E2%80%90Huniti%2C+Mitchell+P.+Croatt&rft.date=2019-10&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fajoc.201900343&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1791-1799&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroyuki Okabe, Asuka Naraoka, Takahiro Isogawa, Shunsuke Oishi, Hiroshi Naka: <cite style="font-style:italic">Acceptor-Controlled Transfer Dehydration of Amides to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 21. Juni 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4767–4770</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01657">10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01657</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Acceptor-Controlled+Transfer+Dehydration+of+Amides+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Hiroyuki+Okabe%2C+Asuka+Naraoka%2C+Takahiro+Isogawa%2C+...&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.orglett.9b01657&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Organic+Letters&rft.pages=4767-4770&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Enthaler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Straightforward Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Nitriles by Dehydration of Primary Amides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">European Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2011</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, September 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4760–4763</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201100754">10.1002/ejoc.201100754</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Straightforward+Iron%E2%80%90Catalyzed+Synthesis+of+Nitriles+by+Dehydration+of+Primary+Amides&rft.au=Stephan+Enthaler&rft.date=2011-09&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fejoc.201100754&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=25&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=4760-4763&rft.volume=2011" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Enthaler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Straightforward Uranium‐Catalyzed Dehydration of Primary Amides to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, 16. August 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9316–9319</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201101478">10.1002/chem.201101478</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Straightforward+Uranium%E2%80%90Catalyzed+Dehydration+of+Primary+Amides+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Stephan+Enthaler&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.201101478&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=34&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.pages=9316-9319&rft.volume=17" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Enthaler, Shigeyoshi Inoue: <cite style="font-style:italic">An Efficient Zinc‐Catalyzed Dehydration of Primary Amides to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – An Asian Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2. Januar 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>169–175</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201100493">10.1002/asia.201100493</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=An+Efficient+Zinc%E2%80%90Catalyzed+Dehydration+of+Primary+Amides+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Stephan+Enthaler%2C+Shigeyoshi+Inoue&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fasia.201100493&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+An+Asian+Journal&rft.pages=169-175&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shekharappa, L. Roopesh Kumar, C. Srinivasulu, Vommina V. Sureshbabu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Dehydration of Chiral α-Amides to Chiral α-Nitriles Under the Appel Reaction Conditions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, März 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>497–502</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-020-10101-y">10.1007/s10989-020-10101-y</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Dehydration+of+Chiral+%CE%B1-Amides+to+Chiral+%CE%B1-Nitriles+Under+the+Appel+Reaction+Conditions&rft.au=Shekharappa%2C+L.+Roopesh+Kumar%2C+C.+Srinivasulu%2C+...&rft.date=2021-03&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs10989-020-10101-y&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Peptide+Research+and+Therapeutics&rft.pages=497-502&rft.volume=27" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard S. Monson, Deggary N. Priest: <cite style="font-style:italic">Dehydration of Amides to Nitriles Initiated by Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Canadian Journal of Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>49</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 1. September 1971, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2897–2898</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139/v71-480">10.1139/v71-480</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Dehydration+of+Amides+to+Nitriles+Initiated+by+Hexamethylphosphoric+Triamide&rft.au=Richard+S.+Monson%2C+Deggary+N.+Priest&rft.date=1971-09-01&rft.doi=10.1139%2Fv71-480&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=2897-2898&rft.volume=49" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishnappa Manjula, Mohamed Afzal Pasha: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rapid Method of Converting Primary Amides to Nitriles and Nitriles to Primary Amides by ZnCl 2 using Microwaves under Different Reaction Conditions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, Mai 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1545–1550</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00397910701230147">10.1080/00397910701230147</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Rapid+Method+of+Converting+Primary+Amides+to+Nitriles+and+Nitriles+to+Primary+Amides+by+ZnCl+2+using+Microwaves+under+Different+Reaction+Conditions&rft.au=Krishnappa+Manjula%2C+Mohamed+Afzal+Pasha&rft.date=2007-05&rft.doi=10.1080%2F00397910701230147&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Synthetic+Communications&rft.pages=1545-1550&rft.volume=37" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rui Ding, Yongguo Liu, Mengru Han, Wenyi Jiao, Jiaqi Li, Hongyu Tian, Baoguo Sun: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthesis of Nitriles from Primary Amides or Aldoximes under Conditions of a Catalytic Swern Oxidation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>83</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, 19. Oktober 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12939–12944</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b02190">10.1021/acs.joc.8b02190</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Nitriles+from+Primary+Amides+or+Aldoximes+under+Conditions+of+a+Catalytic+Swern+Oxidation&rft.au=Rui+Ding%2C+Yongguo+Liu%2C+Mengru+Han%2C+...&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.joc.8b02190&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=20&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=12939-12944&rft.volume=83" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazuaki Ishihara, Yoshiro Furuya, Hisashi Yamamoto: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rhenium(VII) Oxo Complexes as Extremely Active Catalysts in the Dehydration of Primary Amides and Aldoximes to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>114</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, 16. August 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3109</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3757%2820020816%29114%3A16%3C3109%3A%3AAID-ANGE3109%3E3.0.CO%3B2-K">10.1002/1521-3757(20020816)114:16<3109::AID-ANGE3109>3.0.CO;2-K</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Rhenium%28VII%29+Oxo+Complexes+as+Extremely+Active+Catalysts+in+the+Dehydration+of+Primary+Amides+and+Aldoximes+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Kazuaki+Ishihara%2C+Yoshiro+Furuya%2C+Hisashi+Yamamoto&rft.date=2002-08-16&rft.doi=10.1002%2F1521-3757%2820020816%29114%3A16%3C3109%3A%3AAID-ANGE3109%3E3.0.CO%3B2-K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.pages=3109&rft.volume=114" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiban K. Chakrabarti, Terrence M. Hotten: <cite style="font-style:italic">A new route to nitriles. Dehydration of aldoximes using 2,4,6-trichloro-s-triazine (cyanuric chloride)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, 1972, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1226</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c39720001226">10.1039/c39720001226</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+new+route+to+nitriles.+Dehydration+of+aldoximes+using+2%2C4%2C6-trichloro-s-triazine+%28cyanuric+chloride%29&rft.au=Jiban+K.+Chakrabarti%2C+Terrence+M.+Hotten&rft.date=1972&rft.doi=10.1039%2Fc39720001226&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Chemical+Communications&rft.pages=1226" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Mild and Efficient Dehydration of Oximes to Nitriles Mediated by the Burgess Reagent</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synlett</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2000</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>08</span>, 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1169–1171</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-6752">10.1055/s-2000-6752</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Mild+and+Efficient+Dehydration+of+Oximes+to+Nitriles+Mediated+by+the+Burgess+Reagent&rft.date=2000&rft.doi=10.1055%2Fs-2000-6752&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=08&rft.jtitle=Synlett&rft.pages=1169-1171&rft.volume=2000" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziad Moussa, Saleh A. Ahmed, Ahmad S. ElDouhaibi, Shaya Y. Al-Raqa: <cite style="font-style:italic">NMR Studies and electrophilic properties of triphenylphosphine–trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride; a remarkable dehydrating reagent system for the conversion of aldoximes into nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>14</span>, April 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1826–1831</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.01.119">10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.01.119</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=NMR+Studies+and+electrophilic+properties+of+triphenylphosphine-trifluoromethanesulfonic+anhydride%3B+a+remarkable+dehydrating+reagent+system+for+the+conversion+of+aldoximes+into+nitriles&rft.au=Ziad+Moussa%2C+Saleh+A.+Ahmed%2C+Ahmad+S.+ElDouhaibi%2C+...&rft.date=2010-04&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.tetlet.2010.01.119&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=14&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=1826-1831&rft.volume=51" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kengo Hyodo, Saki Kitagawa, Masayuki Yamazaki, Kingo Uchida: <cite style="font-style:italic">Iron‐Catalyzed Dehydration of Aldoximes to Nitriles Requiring Neither Other Reagents Nor Nitrile Media</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – An Asian Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 6. Mai 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1348–1352</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201600085">10.1002/asia.201600085</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Iron%E2%80%90Catalyzed+Dehydration+of+Aldoximes+to+Nitriles+Requiring+Neither+Other+Reagents+Nor+Nitrile+Media&rft.au=Kengo+Hyodo%2C+Saki+Kitagawa%2C+Masayuki+Yamazaki%2C+...&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fasia.201600085&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+An+Asian+Journal&rft.pages=1348-1352&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Rommelmann, Tobias Betke, Harald Gröger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure N -Acyl Amino Nitriles via Catalytic Dehydration of Oximes and Application in a de Novo Synthesis of Vildagliptin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Process Research & Development</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 20. Oktober 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1521–1527</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00169">10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00169</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Enantiomerically+Pure+N+-Acyl+Amino+Nitriles+via+Catalytic+Dehydration+of+Oximes+and+Application+in+a+de+Novo+Synthesis+of+Vildagliptin&rft.au=Philipp+Rommelmann%2C+Tobias+Betke%2C+Harald+Gr%C3%B6ger&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.oprd.7b00169&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Organic+Process+Research+%26+Development&rft.pages=1521-1527&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_152-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:7_152-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazuya Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Fujiwara, Yoshiyuki Ogasawara, Miyuki Kotani, Noritaka Mizuno: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Tungsten–Tin Mixed Hydroxide as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Dehydration of Aldoximes to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>119</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, 18. Mai 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3996–3999</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200605004">10.1002/ange.200605004</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+Tungsten-Tin+Mixed+Hydroxide+as+an+Efficient+Heterogeneous+Catalyst+for+Dehydration+of+Aldoximes+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Kazuya+Yamaguchi%2C+Hiroshi+Fujiwara%2C+Yoshiyuki+Ogasawara%2C+...&rft.date=2007-05-18&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fange.200605004&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.pages=3996-3999&rft.volume=119" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dongliang Zhang, Yaping Huang, Erlei Zhang, Rong Yi, Chao Chen, Lei Yu, Qing Xu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pd/Mn Bimetallic Relay Catalysis for Aerobic Aldoxime Dehydration to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>360</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 15. Februar 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>784–790</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201701154">10.1002/adsc.201701154</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Pd%2FMn+Bimetallic+Relay+Catalysis+for+Aerobic+Aldoxime+Dehydration+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Dongliang+Zhang%2C+Yaping+Huang%2C+Erlei+Zhang%2C+...&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fadsc.201701154&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Synthesis+%26+Catalysis&rft.pages=784-790&rft.volume=360" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobias Betke, Jun Higuchi, Philipp Rommelmann, Keiko Oike, Taiji Nomura, Yasuo Kato, Yasuhisa Asano, Harald Gröger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biocatalytic Synthesis of Nitriles through Dehydration of Aldoximes: The Substrate Scope of Aldoxime Dehydratases</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ChemBioChem</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, 16. April 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>768–779</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201700571">10.1002/cbic.201700571</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Biocatalytic+Synthesis+of+Nitriles+through+Dehydration+of+Aldoximes%3A+The+Substrate+Scope+of+Aldoxime+Dehydratases&rft.au=Tobias+Betke%2C+Jun+Higuchi%2C+Philipp+Rommelmann%2C+...&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fcbic.201700571&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=ChemBioChem&rft.pages=768-779&rft.volume=19" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liyuan Lan, Shuai Huang, Yongguo Liu, Baoguo Sun, Hongyu Tian: <cite style="font-style:italic">Preparation and odor characteristics of nitriles derived from aldehydes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Flavour and Fragrance Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Juli 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>425–434</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3581">10.1002/ffj.3581</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+odor+characteristics+of+nitriles+derived+from+aldehydes&rft.au=Liyuan+Lan%2C+Shuai+Huang%2C+Yongguo+Liu%2C+...&rft.date=2020-07&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fffj.3581&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Flavour+and+Fragrance+Journal&rft.pages=425-434&rft.volume=35" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dylan J. Quinn, Graham J. Haun, Gustavo Moura-Letts: <cite style="font-style:italic">Direct synthesis of nitriles from aldehydes with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid in acidic water</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>57</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, August 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3844–3847</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.047">10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.047</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Direct+synthesis+of+nitriles+from+aldehydes+with+hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic+acid+in+acidic+water&rft.au=Dylan+J.+Quinn%2C+Graham+J.+Haun%2C+Gustavo+Moura-Letts&rft.date=2016-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.tetlet.2016.07.047&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=34&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=3844-3847&rft.volume=57" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiao-De An, Shouyun Yu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Direct Synthesis of Nitriles from Aldehydes Using an O -Benzoyl Hydroxylamine (BHA) as the Nitrogen Source</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, 16. Oktober 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5064–5067</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02547">10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02547</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Direct+Synthesis+of+Nitriles+from+Aldehydes+Using+an+O+-Benzoyl+Hydroxylamine+%28BHA%29+as+the+Nitrogen+Source&rft.au=Xiao-De+An%2C+Shouyun+Yu&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.orglett.5b02547&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=20&rft.jtitle=Organic+Letters&rft.pages=5064-5067&rft.volume=17" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonella Leggio, Emilia Lucia Belsito, Sonia Gallo, Angelo Liguori: <cite style="font-style:italic">One-pot conversion of aldehydes to nitriles mediated by TiCl 4</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, April 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1512–1514</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.007">10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.007</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=One-pot+conversion+of+aldehydes+to+nitriles+mediated+by+TiCl+4&rft.au=Antonella+Leggio%2C+Emilia+Lucia+Belsito%2C+Sonia+Gallo%2C+...&rft.date=2017-04&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.tetlet.2017.03.007&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=1512-1514&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Lewis Acid Reagents Edited by H. Yamamoto. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. 1999. 270 pp. £75.00, ISBN 0 19 850099 8.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Process Research & Development</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 15. April 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>292–292</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/op990022%2B">10.1021/op990022+</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Lewis+Acid+Reagents+Edited+by+H.+Yamamoto.+Oxford+University+Press%3A%26thinsp%3B+Oxford%2C+UK.+1999.+270+pp.+%C2%A375.00%2C+ISBN+0+19+850099+8.&rft.date=1999-04-15&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fop990022%2B&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Organic+Process+Research+%26amp%3B+Development&rft.pages=292-292&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jitendra Gurjar, Jorick Bater, Valery V. Fokin: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sulfuryl Fluoride Mediated Conversion of Aldehydes to Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, 6. Februar 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1906–1909</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201805175">10.1002/chem.201805175</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Sulfuryl+Fluoride+Mediated+Conversion+of+Aldehydes+to+Nitriles&rft.au=Jitendra+Gurjar%2C+Jorick+Bater%2C+Valery+V.+Fokin&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.201805175&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.pages=1906-1909&rft.volume=25" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert M. van Leusen, Piet G. Oomkes: <cite style="font-style:italic">One-Step Conversion of Aldehydes to Nitriles. Introduction of a One-Carbon Unit</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Januar 1980, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>399–403</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00397918008061830">10.1080/00397918008061830</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=One-Step+Conversion+of+Aldehydes+to+Nitriles.+Introduction+of+a+One-Carbon+Unit&rft.au=Albert+M.+van+Leusen%2C+Piet+G.+Oomkes&rft.date=1980-01&rft.doi=10.1080%2F00397918008061830&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Synthetic+Communications&rft.pages=399-403&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto H. Oldenziel, Daan Van Leusen, Albert M. Van Leusen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry of sulfonylmethyl isocyanides. 13. A general one-step synthesis of nitriles from ketones using tosylmethyl isocyanide. Introduction of a one-carbon unit</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>42</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, September 1977, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3114–3118</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00439a002">10.1021/jo00439a002</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+sulfonylmethyl+isocyanides.+13.+A+general+one-step+synthesis+of+nitriles+from+ketones+using+tosylmethyl+isocyanide.+Introduction+of+a+one-carbon+unit&rft.au=Otto+H.+Oldenziel%2C+Daan+Van+Leusen%2C+Albert+M.+Van+Leusen&rft.date=1977-09&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00439a002&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=19&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=3114-3118&rft.volume=42" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niamh Disney, Megan Smyth, Scott Wharry, Thomas S. Moody, Marcus Baumann: <cite style="font-style:italic">A cyanide-free synthesis of nitriles exploiting flow chemistry</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reaction Chemistry & Engineering</cite>. 2024, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RE00458A">10.1039/D3RE00458A</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+cyanide-free+synthesis+of+nitriles+exploiting+flow+chemistry&rft.au=Niamh+Disney%2C+Megan+Smyth%2C+Scott+Wharry%2C+...&rft.btitle=Reaction+Chemistry+%26+Engineering&rft.date=2024&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD3RE00458A&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. F. Semmelhack, Christopher R. Schmid: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitroxyl-mediated electro-oxidation of amines to nitriles and carbonyl compounds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>105</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, Oktober 1983, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6732–6734</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00360a042">10.1021/ja00360a042</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitroxyl-mediated+electro-oxidation+of+amines+to+nitriles+and+carbonyl+compounds&rft.au=M.+F.+Semmelhack%2C+Christopher+R.+Schmid&rft.date=1983-10&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja00360a042&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=6732-6734&rft.volume=105" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyle M. Lambert, James M. Bobbitt, Sherif A. Eldirany, Liam E. Kissane, Rose K. Sheridan, Zachary D. Stempel, Francis H. Sternberg, William F. Bailey: <cite style="font-style:italic">Metal‐Free Oxidation of Primary Amines to Nitriles through Coupled Catalytic Cycles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, 4. April 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5156–5159</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201600549">10.1002/chem.201600549</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Metal%E2%80%90Free+Oxidation+of+Primary+Amines+to+Nitriles+through+Coupled+Catalytic+Cycles&rft.au=Kyle+M.+Lambert%2C+James+M.+Bobbitt%2C+Sherif+A.+Eldirany%2C+...&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.201600549&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.pages=5156-5159&rft.volume=22" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yasunari Maeda, Takahiro Nishimura, Sakae Uemura: <cite style="font-style:italic">Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Amines with Molecular Oxygen</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>76</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, Dezember 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2399–2403</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.76.2399">10.1246/bcsj.76.2399</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Copper-Catalyzed+Oxidation+of+Amines+with+Molecular+Oxygen&rft.au=Yasunari+Maeda%2C+Takahiro+Nishimura%2C+Sakae+Uemura&rft.date=2003-12&rft.doi=10.1246%2Fbcsj.76.2399&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Chemical+Society+of+Japan&rft.pages=2399-2403&rft.volume=76" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christiane Janke, Jörg Radnik, Ursula Bentrup, Andreas Martin, Angelika Brückner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Vanadium‐Containing Oxynitrides: Effective Catalysts for the Ammoxidation of 3‐Picoline</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ChemCatChem</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 30. November 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>485–491</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.200900180">10.1002/cctc.200900180</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Vanadium%E2%80%90Containing+Oxynitrides%3A+Effective+Catalysts+for+the+Ammoxidation+of+3%E2%80%90Picoline&rft.au=Christiane+Janke%2C+J%C3%B6rg+Radnik%2C+Ursula+Bentrup%2C+...&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fcctc.200900180&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=ChemCatChem&rft.pages=485-491&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:25-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:25_169-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:25_169-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:25_169-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nakles, Richard Luthy, George Wong-Chong: <cite style="font-style:italic">Manufacture and the Use of Cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanide in Water and Soil</cite>. CRC Press, 9. Dezember 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41–55</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Manufacture+and+the+Use+of+Cyanide&rft.au=David+Nakles%2C+Richard+Luthy%2C+George+Wong-Chong&rft.btitle=Cyanide+in+Water+and+Soil&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=41-55&rft.pub=CRC+Press" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoshiaki Nakao, Tamejiro Hiyama: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nickel-catalyzed carbocyanation of alkynes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pure and Applied Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>80</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1. Januar 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1097–1107</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200880051097">10.1351/pac200880051097</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nickel-catalyzed+carbocyanation+of+alkynes&rft.au=Yoshiaki+Nakao%2C+Tamejiro+Hiyama&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.doi=10.1351%2Fpac200880051097&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.pages=1097-1107&rft.volume=80" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haitham Hassan, Vincent Pirenne, Maren Wissing, Chahinaz Khiar, Ashique Hussain, Frédéric Robert, Yannick Landais: <cite style="font-style:italic">Free‐Radical Carbocyanation of Olefins</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, 3. April 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4651–4658</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201605946">10.1002/chem.201605946</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Free%E2%80%90Radical+Carbocyanation+of+Olefins&rft.au=Haitham+Hassan%2C+Vincent+Pirenne%2C+Maren+Wissing%2C+...&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.201605946&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=19&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.pages=4651-4658&rft.volume=23" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurent Vanoye, Ahmad Hammoud, Hélène Gérard, Alexandra Barnes, Régis Philippe, Pascal Fongarland, Claude de Bellefon, Alain Favre-Réguillon: <cite style="font-style:italic">Direct Synthesis of Nitriles from Carboxylic Acids Using Indium-Catalyzed Transnitrilation: Mechanistic and Kinetic Study</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ACS Catalysis</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, 1. November 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9705–9714</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b02779">10.1021/acscatal.9b02779</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Direct+Synthesis+of+Nitriles+from+Carboxylic+Acids+Using+Indium-Catalyzed+Transnitrilation%3A+Mechanistic+and+Kinetic+Study&rft.au=Laurent+Vanoye%2C+Ahmad+Hammoud%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+G%C3%A9rard%2C+...&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facscatal.9b02779&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=ACS+Catalysis&rft.pages=9705-9714&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetsuto Tsunoda, Kaori Uemoto, Chisato Nagino, Megumi Kawamura, Hiroto Kaku, Shô Itô: <cite style="font-style:italic">A facile one-pot cyanation of primary and secondary alcohols. Application of some new Mitsunobu reagents</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41</span>, Oktober 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7355–7358</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039%2899%2901509-9">10.1016/S0040-4039(99)01509-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+facile+one-pot+cyanation+of+primary+and+secondary+alcohols.+Application+of+some+new+Mitsunobu+reagents&rft.au=Tetsuto+Tsunoda%2C+Kaori+Uemoto%2C+Chisato+Nagino%2C+...&rft.date=1999-10&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2899%2901509-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=41&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=7355-7358&rft.volume=40" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter-Georg Veeck, Manfred Regitz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Triple-bonded Heteroatom Derivatives Other Than Nitriles with Another Heteroatom Attached to the sp-Carbon Atom</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations</cite>. Elsevier, 1995, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1151–1160</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Triple-bonded+Heteroatom+Derivatives+Other+Than+Nitriles+with+Another+Heteroatom+Attached+to+the+sp-Carbon+Atom&rft.au=Walter-Georg+Veeck%2C+Manfred+Regitz&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organic+Functional+Group+Transformations&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1151-1160&rft.pub=Elsevier" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B.A. Phillips, G. Fodor, J. Gal, F. Letourneau, J.J. Ryan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mechanism of the von Braun amide degradations with carbonyl bromide or phosphorus pentabromide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, Januar 1973, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3309–3327</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020%2801%2993483-0">10.1016/S0040-4020(01)93483-0</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+the+von+Braun+amide+degradations+with+carbonyl+bromide+or+phosphorus+pentabromide&rft.au=B.A.+Phillips%2C+G.+Fodor%2C+J.+Gal%2C+...&rft.date=1973-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2801%2993483-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.pages=3309-3327&rft.volume=29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irina P. Beletskaya, Alexander S. Sigeev, Alexander S. Peregudov, Pavel V. Petrovskii: <cite style="font-style:italic">Catalytic Sandmeyer cyanation as a synthetic pathway to aryl nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Organometallic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>689</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, November 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3810–3812</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.019">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.019</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Catalytic+Sandmeyer+cyanation+as+a+synthetic+pathway+to+aryl+nitriles&rft.au=Irina+P.+Beletskaya%2C+Alexander+S.+Sigeev%2C+Alexander+S.+Peregudov%2C+...&rft.date=2004-11&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2004.07.019&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=23&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=3810-3812&rft.volume=689" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Frederick Koelsch: <cite style="font-style:italic">Some Applications of the Rosenmund-v. Braun Nitrile Synthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 1936, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1328–1330</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01299a004">10.1021/ja01299a004</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Some+Applications+of+the+Rosenmund-v.+Braun+Nitrile+Synthesis&rft.au=C.+Frederick+Koelsch&rft.date=1936-08&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja01299a004&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=1328-1330&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Naoto Chatani, Terukiyo Hanafusa: <cite style="font-style:italic">Transition-metal-catalyzed reactions of trimethylsilyl cyanide. 4. Palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides by trimethylsilyl cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, November 1986, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4714–4716</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00374a041">10.1021/jo00374a041</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Transition-metal-catalyzed+reactions+of+trimethylsilyl+cyanide.+4.+Palladium-catalyzed+cyanation+of+aryl+halides+by+trimethylsilyl+cyanide&rft.au=Naoto+Chatani%2C+Terukiyo+Hanafusa&rft.date=1986-11&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00374a041&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=4714-4716&rft.volume=51" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shunichi Murahashi, Takeshi Naota, Nobuyuki Nakajima: <cite style="font-style:italic">Palladium-catalyzed decarbonylation of acyl cyanides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, März 1986, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>898–901</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00356a029">10.1021/jo00356a029</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Palladium-catalyzed+decarbonylation+of+acyl+cyanides&rft.au=Shunichi+Murahashi%2C+Takeshi+Naota%2C+Nobuyuki+Nakajima&rft.date=1986-03&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00356a029&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=898-901&rft.volume=51" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Sundermeier, Alexander Zapf, Matthias Beller, Jürgen Sans: <cite style="font-style:italic">A new palladium catalyst system for the cyanation of aryl chlorides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>42</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38</span>, September 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6707–6710</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039%2801%2901390-9">10.1016/S0040-4039(01)01390-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+new+palladium+catalyst+system+for+the+cyanation+of+aryl+chlorides&rft.au=Mark+Sundermeier%2C+Alexander+Zapf%2C+Matthias+Beller%2C+...&rft.date=2001-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2801%2901390-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=38&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=6707-6710&rft.volume=42" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd D. Senecal, Wei Shu, Stephen L. Buchwald: <cite style="font-style:italic">A General, Practical Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides and Bromides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>125</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38</span>, 16. September 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10219–10223</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201304188">10.1002/ange.201304188</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+General%2C+Practical+Palladium%E2%80%90Catalyzed+Cyanation+of+%28Hetero%29Aryl+Chlorides+and+Bromides&rft.au=Todd+D.+Senecal%2C+Wei+Shu%2C+Stephen+L.+Buchwald&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fange.201304188&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=38&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.pages=10219-10223&rft.volume=125" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Glöcklhofer, Markus Lunzer, Johannes Fröhlich: <cite style="font-style:italic">Facile Synthesis of Cyanoarenes from Quinones by Reductive Aromatization of Cyanohydrin Intermediates</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synlett</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>07</span>, 1. April 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>950–952</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1380150">10.1055/s-0034-1380150</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Facile+Synthesis+of+Cyanoarenes+from+Quinones+by+Reductive+Aromatization+of+Cyanohydrin+Intermediates&rft.au=Florian+Gl%C3%B6cklhofer%2C+Markus+Lunzer%2C+Johannes+Fr%C3%B6hlich&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.doi=10.1055%2Fs-0034-1380150&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=07&rft.jtitle=Synlett&rft.pages=950-952&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan T. Reeves, Christian A. Malapit, Frederic G. Buono, Kanwar P. Sidhu, Maurice A. Marsini, C. Avery Sader, Keith R. Fandrick, Carl A. Busacca, Chris H. Senanayake: <cite style="font-style:italic">Transnitrilation from Dimethylmalononitrile to Aryl Grignard and Lithium Reagents: A Practical Method for Aryl Nitrile Synthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>137</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, 29. Juli 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9481–9488</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b06136">10.1021/jacs.5b06136</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Transnitrilation+from+Dimethylmalononitrile+to+Aryl+Grignard+and+Lithium+Reagents%3A+A+Practical+Method+for+Aryl+Nitrile+Synthesis&rft.au=Jonathan+T.+Reeves%2C+Christian+A.+Malapit%2C+Frederic+G.+Buono%2C+...&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjacs.5b06136&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=29&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=9481-9488&rft.volume=137" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroshi Ohno, Atsunori Mori, Shohei Inoue: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lanthanoid(III) Alkoxides as Novel Catalysts for a Rapid Transhydrocyanation from Acetone Cyanohydrin to Aldehydes and Ketones</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Februar 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>375–378</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.1993.375">10.1246/cl.1993.375</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Lanthanoid%28III%29+Alkoxides+as+Novel+Catalysts+for+a+Rapid+Transhydrocyanation+from+Acetone+Cyanohydrin+to+Aldehydes+and+Ketones&rft.au=Hiroshi+Ohno%2C+Atsunori+Mori%2C+Shohei+Inoue&rft.date=1993-02&rft.doi=10.1246%2Fcl.1993.375&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+Letters&rft.pages=375-378&rft.volume=22" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Evans, Gary L. Carroll, Larry K. Truesdale: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic applications of trimethylsilyl cyanide. Efficient synthesis of β-aminomethyl alcohols</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, April 1974, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>914–917</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00921a012">10.1021/jo00921a012</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Synthetic+applications+of+trimethylsilyl+cyanide.+Efficient+synthesis+of+%CE%B2-aminomethyl+alcohols&rft.au=David+A.+Evans%2C+Gary+L.+Carroll%2C+Larry+K.+Truesdale&rft.date=1974-04&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00921a012&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=914-917&rft.volume=39" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shu Kobayashi, Yoshikazu Tsuchiya, Teruaki Mukaiyama: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Facile Synthesis of Cyanohydrin Trimethylsilyl Ethers by the Addition Reaction of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide with Aldehydes under Basic Condition</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, April 1991, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>537–540</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.1991.537">10.1246/cl.1991.537</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+Facile+Synthesis+of+Cyanohydrin+Trimethylsilyl+Ethers+by+the+Addition+Reaction+of+Trimethylsilyl+Cyanide+with+Aldehydes+under+Basic+Condition&rft.au=Shu+Kobayashi%2C+Yoshikazu+Tsuchiya%2C+Teruaki+Mukaiyama&rft.date=1991-04&rft.doi=10.1246%2Fcl.1991.537&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+Letters&rft.pages=537-540&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri N. Belokon', Susana Caveda-Cepas, Brendan Green, Nicolai S. Ikonnikov, Viktor N. Khrustalev, Vladimir S. Larichev, Margarita A. Moscalenko, Michael North, Charles Orizu, Vitali I. Tararov, Michela Tasinazzo, Galina I. Timofeeva, Lidia V. Yashkina: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Asymmetric Addition of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide to Aldehydes Catalyzed by Chiral (Salen)Titanium Complexes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>121</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, 1. April 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3968–3973</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja984197v">10.1021/ja984197v</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Asymmetric+Addition+of+Trimethylsilyl+Cyanide+to+Aldehydes+Catalyzed+by+Chiral+%28Salen%29Titanium+Complexes&rft.au=Yuri+N.+Belokon%27%2C+Susana+Caveda-Cepas%2C+Brendan+Green%2C+...&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja984197v&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=3968-3973&rft.volume=121" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:10-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_193-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:10_193-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobuhito Kurono, Takeshi Ohkuma: <cite style="font-style:italic">Catalytic Asymmetric Cyanation Reactions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ACS Catalysis</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 5. Februar 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>989–1023</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b02184">10.1021/acscatal.5b02184</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Catalytic+Asymmetric+Cyanation+Reactions&rft.au=Nobuhito+Kurono%2C+Takeshi+Ohkuma&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facscatal.5b02184&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=ACS+Catalysis&rft.pages=989-1023&rft.volume=6" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-194">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegfried Hünig, Rainer Schaller: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Chemistry of Acyl Cyanides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1982, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>36–49</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198200361">10.1002/anie.198200361</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Acyl+Cyanides&rft.au=Siegfried+H%C3%BCnig%2C+Rainer+Schaller&rft.date=1982-01&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.198200361&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition+in+English&rft.pages=36-49&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-195">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Gröger, Yasuhisa Asano: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanide-Free Enantioselective Catalytic Strategies for the Synthesis of Chiral Nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.9b02773">10.1021/acs.joc.9b02773</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanide-Free+Enantioselective+Catalytic+Strategies+for+the+Synthesis+of+Chiral+Nitriles&rft.au=Harald+Gr%C3%B6ger%2C+Yasuhisa+Asano&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.joc.9b02773&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:17-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:17_196-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:17_196-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:17_196-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:17_196-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Amitava Rakshit, Hirendra Nath Dhara, Ashish Kumar Sahoo, Bhisma K. Patel: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Renaissance of Organo Nitriles in Organic Synthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – An Asian Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, 2. November 2022, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202200792">10.1002/asia.202200792</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Renaissance+of+Organo+Nitriles+in+Organic+Synthesis&rft.au=Amitava+Rakshit%2C+Hirendra+Nath+Dhara%2C+Ashish+Kumar+Sahoo%2C+...&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fasia.202200792&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+An+Asian+Journal&rft.volume=17" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Hauser, David S. Hoffenberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">CONVERSION OF NITRILES TO AMIDES AND ACIDS BY MEANS OF BORON FLUORIDE</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Oktober 1955, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1448–1453</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01127a025">10.1021/jo01127a025</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=CONVERSION+OF+NITRILES+TO+AMIDES+AND+ACIDS+BY+MEANS+OF+BORON+FLUORIDE&rft.au=Charles+R.+Hauser%2C+David+S.+Hoffenberg&rft.date=1955-10&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo01127a025&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1448-1453&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. G. Debabov, A. S. Yanenko: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biocatalytic hydrolysis of nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Review Journal of Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, Oktober 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>385–402</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079978011030010">10.1134/S2079978011030010</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Biocatalytic+hydrolysis+of+nitriles&rft.au=V.+G.+Debabov%2C+A.+S.+Yanenko&rft.date=2011-10&rft.doi=10.1134%2FS2079978011030010&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Review+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=385-402&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayiza Masamba: <cite style="font-style:italic">Petasis vs. Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis: Convergence, Divergence and Opportunities in Organic Synthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecules</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 18. März 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1707</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061707">10.3390/molecules26061707</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33803879?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33803879</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003338/">PMC 8003338</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Petasis+vs.+Strecker+Amino+Acid+Synthesis%3A+Convergence%2C+Divergence+and+Opportunities+in+Organic+Synthesis&rft.au=Wayiza+Masamba&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fmolecules26061707&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.pages=1707&rft.pmc=8003338&rft.pmid=33803879&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarugu Narasimha Moorthy, Nidhi Singhal: <cite style="font-style:italic">Facile and Highly Selective Conversion of Nitriles to Amides via Indirect Acid-Catalyzed Hydration Using TFA or AcOH−H 2 SO 4</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>70</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1. März 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1926–1929</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo048240a">10.1021/jo048240a</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Facile+and+Highly+Selective+Conversion+of+Nitriles+to+Amides+via+Indirect+Acid-Catalyzed+Hydration+Using+TFA+or+AcOH%E2%88%92H+2+SO+4&rft.au=Jarugu+Narasimha+Moorthy%2C+Nidhi+Singhal&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo048240a&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1926-1929&rft.volume=70" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manas K Basu, Fen-Tair Luo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Efficient transformation of nitrile into amide under mild condition</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, Mai 1998, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3005–3006</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039%2898%2900444-4">10.1016/S0040-4039(98)00444-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Efficient+transformation+of+nitrile+into+amide+under+mild+condition&rft.au=Manas+K+Basu%2C+Fen-Tair+Luo&rft.date=1998-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2898%2900444-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=19&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=3005-3006&rft.volume=39" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-202">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Hauser, David S. Hoffenberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">CONVERSION OF NITRILES TO AMIDES AND ACIDS BY MEANS OF BORON FLUORIDE</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Oktober 1955, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1448–1453</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01127a025">10.1021/jo01127a025</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=CONVERSION+OF+NITRILES+TO+AMIDES+AND+ACIDS+BY+MEANS+OF+BORON+FLUORIDE&rft.au=Charles+R.+Hauser%2C+David+S.+Hoffenberg&rft.date=1955-10&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo01127a025&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1448-1453&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazuya Yamaguchi, Mitsunori Matsushita, Noritaka Mizuno: <cite style="font-style:italic">Efficient Hydration of Nitriles to Amides in Water, Catalyzed by Ruthenium Hydroxide Supported on Alumina</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>43</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 12. März 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1576–1580</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200353461">10.1002/anie.200353461</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Efficient+Hydration+of+Nitriles+to+Amides+in+Water%2C+Catalyzed+by+Ruthenium+Hydroxide+Supported+on+Alumina&rft.au=Kazuya+Yamaguchi%2C+Mitsunori+Matsushita%2C+Noritaka+Mizuno&rft.date=2004-03-12&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.200353461&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=1576-1580&rft.volume=43" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Naresh Kumar Reddy, Sadu Nageswara Rao, Rajendra D. Patil, Subbarayappa Adimurthy: <cite style="font-style:italic">Transition metal-free hydration of nitriles to amides mediated by NaOH</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advanced Material Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2018, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15761/AMS.1000137">10.15761/AMS.1000137</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Transition+metal-free+hydration+of+nitriles+to+amides+mediated+by+NaOH&rft.au=N.+Naresh+Kumar+Reddy%2C+Sadu+Nageswara+Rao%2C+Rajendra+D.+Patil%2C+...&rft.date=2018&rft.doi=10.15761%2FAMS.1000137&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Material+Science&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shreenath Prasad, Tek Chand Bhalla: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile hydratases (NHases): at the interface of academia and industry</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biotechnol Adv.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>28</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>725–741</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.05.020">10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.05.020</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile+hydratases+%28NHases%29%3A+at+the+interface+of+academia+and+industry&rft.au=Shreenath+Prasad%2C+Tek+Chand+Bhalla&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biotechadv.2010.05.020&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Biotechnol+Adv.&rft.pages=725-741&rft.volume=28" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bo Wu, Ji Zhang, Meng Yang, Yang Yue, Li-Jian Ma, Xiao-Qi Yu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Raney Ni/KBH4: An efficient and mild system for the reduction of nitriles to amines</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Arkivoc</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2008</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, 4. April 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>95–102</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0009.c11">10.3998/ark.5550190.0009.c11</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Raney+Ni%2FKBH4%3A+An+efficient+and+mild+system+for+the+reduction+of+nitriles+to+amines&rft.au=Bo+Wu%2C+Ji+Zhang%2C+Meng+Yang%2C+...&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft.doi=10.3998%2Fark.5550190.0009.c11&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Arkivoc&rft.pages=95-102&rft.volume=2008" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shankare Gowda, D.Channe Gowda: <cite style="font-style:italic">Application of hydrazinium monoformate as new hydrogen donor with Raney nickel: a facile reduction of nitro and nitrile moieties</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, März 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2211–2213</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020%2802%2900093-5">10.1016/S0040-4020(02)00093-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Application+of+hydrazinium+monoformate+as+new+hydrogen+donor+with+Raney+nickel%3A+a+facile+reduction+of+nitro+and+nitrile+moieties&rft.au=Shankare+Gowda%2C+D.Channe+Gowda&rft.date=2002-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2802%2900093-5&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.pages=2211-2213&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P Schärdinger, T Muller, J Lercher: <cite style="font-style:italic">Investigations into the mechanism of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of nitriles over Raney-Co catalysts</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Catalysis</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>253</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Januar 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>167–179</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2007.10.008">10.1016/j.jcat.2007.10.008</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Investigations+into+the+mechanism+of+the+liquid-phase+hydrogenation+of+nitriles+over+Raney-Co+catalysts&rft.au=P+Sch%C3%A4rdinger%2C+T+Muller%2C+J+Lercher&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jcat.2007.10.008&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Catalysis&rft.pages=167-179&rft.volume=253" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atsuko Nose, Tadahiro Kudo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Studies of reduction with dimethoxyborane-transition metal boride systems.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 1990, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1720–1723</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.38.1720">10.1248/cpb.38.1720</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Studies+of+reduction+with+dimethoxyborane-transition+metal+boride+systems.&rft.au=Atsuko+Nose%2C+Tadahiro+Kudo&rft.date=1990&rft.doi=10.1248%2Fcpb.38.1720&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Chemical+and+Pharmaceutical+Bulletin&rft.pages=1720-1723&rft.volume=38" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris Freifelder: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Low Pressure Process for the Reduction of Nitriles. Use of Rhodium Catalyst 1</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>82</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, Mai 1960, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2386–2389</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01494a067">10.1021/ja01494a067</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+Low+Pressure+Process+for+the+Reduction+of+Nitriles.+Use+of+Rhodium+Catalyst+1&rft.au=Morris+Freifelder&rft.date=1960-05&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja01494a067&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=2386-2389&rft.volume=82" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R Ramachandran: <cite style="font-style:italic">An overview of industrial uses of hydrogen</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Juli 1998, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>593–598</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199%2897%2900112-2">10.1016/S0360-3199(97)00112-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+industrial+uses+of+hydrogen&rft.au=R+Ramachandran&rft.date=1998-07&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0360-3199%2897%2900112-2&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hydrogen+Energy&rft.pages=593-598&rft.volume=23" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Siegfried_R._Waldvogel" title="Siegfried R. Waldvogel">Siegfried R. Waldvogel</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis. Background and Detailed Mechanisms. By Laszlo Kürti and Barbara Czako.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>44</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, 8. August 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5005–5006</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200585304">10.1002/anie.200585304</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Strategic+Applications+of+Named+Reactions+in+Organic+Synthesis.+Background+and+Detailed+Mechanisms.+By+Laszlo+K%C3%BCrti+and+Barbara+Czako.&rft.au=Siegfried+R.+Waldvogel&rft.date=2005-08-08&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.200585304&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=32&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=5005-5006&rft.volume=44" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-213">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz J. Weiberth, Stan S. Hall: <cite style="font-style:italic">Copper(I)-activated addition of Grignard reagents to nitriles. Synthesis of ketimines, ketones, and amines</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>52</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, August 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3901–3904</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00226a033">10.1021/jo00226a033</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Copper%28I%29-activated+addition+of+Grignard+reagents+to+nitriles.+Synthesis+of+ketimines%2C+ketones%2C+and+amines&rft.au=Franz+J.+Weiberth%2C+Stan+S.+Hall&rft.date=1987-08&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00226a033&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=3901-3904&rft.volume=52" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-214">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Surya Prakash Rao, Shaik Rafi, K. Padmavathy: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Blaise reaction</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>64</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, August 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8037–8043</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.109">10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.109</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Blaise+reaction&rft.au=H.+Surya+Prakash+Rao%2C+Shaik+Rafi%2C+K.+Padmavathy&rft.date=2008-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.tet.2008.05.109&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=35&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.pages=8037-8043&rft.volume=64" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Pinner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Die Imidoäther und ihre Derivate</cite>. Robert Oppenheim, 1892, ISBN 0-598-98239-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=Adolf+Pinner&rft.btitle=Die+Imido%C3%A4ther+und+ihre+Derivate&rft.date=1892&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0598982396&rft.pub=Robert+Oppenheim" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andriani G. Chaidali, Ioannis N. Lykakis: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Routes to Imidates and Their Applications in Organic Transformation: Recent Progress</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">European Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39</span>, 16. Oktober 2023, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202300497">10.1002/ejoc.202300497</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Routes+to+Imidates+and+Their+Applications+in+Organic+Transformation%3A+Recent+Progress&rft.au=Andriani+G.+Chaidali%2C+Ioannis+N.+Lykakis&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fejoc.202300497&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=39&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiyoshi Watanabe, Naoto Kogoshi, Hideaki Miki, Yasuhiro Torisawa: <cite style="font-style:italic">Improved Pinner Reaction with CPME as a Solvent</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, 7. Mai 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2008–2013</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00397910802632548">10.1080/00397910802632548</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Improved+Pinner+Reaction+with+CPME+as+a+Solvent&rft.au=Kiyoshi+Watanabe%2C+Naoto+Kogoshi%2C+Hideaki+Miki%2C+...&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.doi=10.1080%2F00397910802632548&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Synthetic+Communications&rft.pages=2008-2013&rft.volume=39" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-218">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard R. Schmidt, Josef Michel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Facile Synthesis of α‐ and β‐ O ‐Glycosyl Imidates; Preparation of Glycosides and Disaccharides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, September 1980, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>731–732</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198007311">10.1002/anie.198007311</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Facile+Synthesis+of+%CE%B1%E2%80%90+and+%CE%B2%E2%80%90+O+%E2%80%90Glycosyl+Imidates%3B+Preparation+of+Glycosides+and+Disaccharides&rft.au=Richard+R.+Schmidt%2C+Josef+Michel&rft.date=1980-09&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.198007311&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition+in+English&rft.pages=731-732&rft.volume=19" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">You Yang, Xiaheng Zhang, Biao Yu: <cite style="font-style:italic">O-Glycosylation methods in the total synthesis of complex natural glycosides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Natural Product Reports</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1331–1355</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NP00033E">10.1039/C5NP00033E</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=O-Glycosylation+methods+in+the+total+synthesis+of+complex+natural+glycosides&rft.au=You+Yang%2C+Xiaheng+Zhang%2C+Biao+Yu&rft.date=2015&rft.doi=10.1039%2FC5NP00033E&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.pages=1331-1355&rft.volume=32" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney A. Fernandes, Pullaiah Kattanguru, Sachin P. Gholap, Dipali A. Chaudhari: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recent advances in the Overman rearrangement: synthesis of natural products and valuable compounds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, 2017, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2672–2710</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C6OB02625G">10.1039/C6OB02625G</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+the+Overman+rearrangement%3A+synthesis+of+natural+products+and+valuable+compounds&rft.au=Rodney+A.+Fernandes%2C+Pullaiah+Kattanguru%2C+Sachin+P.+Gholap%2C+...&rft.date=2017&rft.doi=10.1039%2FC6OB02625G&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Organic+%26+Biomolecular+Chemistry&rft.pages=2672-2710&rft.volume=15" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daisuke Uraguchi, Ryosuke Tsutsumi, Takashi Ooi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Catalytic asymmetric Payne oxidation under the catalysis of P-spiro chiral triaminoiminophosphorane: application to the synthesis of N-sulfonyl oxaziridines</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>70</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, Februar 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1691–1701</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.086">10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.086</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Catalytic+asymmetric+Payne+oxidation+under+the+catalysis+of+P-spiro+chiral+triaminoiminophosphorane%3A+application+to+the+synthesis+of+N-sulfonyl+oxaziridines&rft.au=Daisuke+Uraguchi%2C+Ryosuke+Tsutsumi%2C+Takashi+Ooi&rft.date=2014-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.tet.2013.12.086&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron&rft.pages=1691-1701&rft.volume=70" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-222">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">George B. Payne, Philip H. Deming, Paul H. Williams: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reactions of Hydrogen Peroxide. VII. Alkali-Catalyzed Epoxidation and Oxidation Using a Nitrile as Co-reactant</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, März 1961, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>659–663</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01062a004">10.1021/jo01062a004</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Reactions+of+Hydrogen+Peroxide.+VII.+Alkali-Catalyzed+Epoxidation+and+Oxidation+Using+a+Nitrile+as+Co-reactant&rft.au=George+B.+Payne%2C+Philip+H.+Deming%2C+Paul+H.+Williams&rft.date=1961-03&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo01062a004&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=659-663&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-223">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fan Xu, Jianhua Sun, Qi Shen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Samarium diiodide promoted synthesis of N,N ′-disubstituted amidines</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>43</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, März 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1867–1869</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039%2802%2900129-6">10.1016/S0040-4039(02)00129-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Samarium+diiodide+promoted+synthesis+of+N%2CN+%E2%80%B2-disubstituted+amidines&rft.au=Fan+Xu%2C+Jianhua+Sun%2C+Qi+Shen&rft.date=2002-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2802%2900129-6&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=1867-1869&rft.volume=43" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-224">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Forsberg, Vincent T. Spaziano, Trichey M. Balasubramanian, Gordon K. Liu, Steven A. Kinsley, Charles A. Duckworth, John J. Poteruca, Paul S. Brown, Judith L. Miller: <cite style="font-style:italic">Use of lanthanide(III) ions as catalysts for the reactions of amines with nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>52</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, März 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1017–1021</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00382a009">10.1021/jo00382a009</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Use+of+lanthanide%28III%29+ions+as+catalysts+for+the+reactions+of+amines+with+nitriles&rft.au=John+H.+Forsberg%2C+Vincent+T.+Spaziano%2C+Trichey+M.+Balasubramanian%2C+...&rft.date=1987-03&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00382a009&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1017-1021&rft.volume=52" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-225">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick G. Bordwell, Herbert E. Fried: <cite style="font-style:italic">Acidities of the hydrogen-carbon protons in carboxylic esters, amides, and nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>46</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, Oktober 1981, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4327–4331</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00335a001">10.1021/jo00335a001</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Acidities+of+the+hydrogen-carbon+protons+in+carboxylic+esters%2C+amides%2C+and+nitriles&rft.au=Frederick+G.+Bordwell%2C+Herbert+E.+Fried&rft.date=1981-10&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo00335a001&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=4327-4331&rft.volume=46" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-226">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor A. Lucas-Rosales, Marco A. García-Revilla, J. Oscar C. Jiménez-Halla: <cite style="font-style:italic">Computational Revision of the Mechanism of the Thorpe Reaction</cite>. MDPI, 14. November 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-26-13550">10.3390/ecsoc-26-13550</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=Victor+A.+Lucas-Rosales%2C+Marco+A.+Garc%C3%ADa-Revilla%2C+J.+Oscar+C.+Jim%C3%A9nez-Halla&rft.btitle=Computational+Revision+of+the+Mechanism+of+the+Thorpe+Reaction&rft.date=2022-11-14&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fecsoc-26-13550&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=MDPI" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yasuo Sato, Michihisa Yato, Tomohiko Ohwada, Shinichi Saito, Koichi Shudo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Involvement of Dicationic Species as the Reactive Intermediates in Gattermann, Houben-Hoesch, and Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Nonactivated Benzenes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>117</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, März 1995, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3037–3043</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00116a009">10.1021/ja00116a009</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Involvement+of+Dicationic+Species+as+the+Reactive+Intermediates+in+Gattermann%2C+Houben-Hoesch%2C+and+Friedel-Crafts+Reactions+of+Nonactivated+Benzenes&rft.au=Yasuo+Sato%2C+Michihisa+Yato%2C+Tomohiko+Ohwada%2C+...&rft.date=1995-03&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja00116a009&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=3037-3043&rft.volume=117" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. L. Cairns, A. W. Larchar, B. C. McKusick: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Trimerization of Nitriles at High Pressures</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>74</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, November 1952, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5633–5636</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01142a028">10.1021/ja01142a028</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Trimerization+of+Nitriles+at+High+Pressures&rft.au=T.+L.+Cairns%2C+A.+W.+Larchar%2C+B.+C.+McKusick&rft.date=1952-11&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja01142a028&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=5633-5636&rft.volume=74" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-229">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fan Xu, Jian-Hua Sun, Hai-Bin Yan, Qi Shen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyclotrimerization of Nitriles Catalyzed by SmI 2 / Amines: Synthesis of 2,4,6-Trisubstituted-S-Triazines</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>30</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, März 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1017–1022</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00397910008087119">10.1080/00397910008087119</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyclotrimerization+of+Nitriles+Catalyzed+by+SmI+2+%2F+Amines%3A+Synthesis+of+2%2C4%2C6-Trisubstituted-S-Triazines&rft.au=Fan+Xu%2C+Jian-Hua+Sun%2C+Hai-Bin+Yan%2C+...&rft.date=2000-03&rft.doi=10.1080%2F00397910008087119&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Synthetic+Communications&rft.pages=1017-1022&rft.volume=30" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Angel Díaz-Ortiz, Antonio de la Hoz, Andrés Moreno, Ana Sánchez-Migallón, Gema Valiente: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthesis of 1,3,5-triazines in solvent-free conditions catalysed by silica-supported lewis acids</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Green Chem.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>339–343</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/B202014A">10.1039/B202014A</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+1%2C3%2C5-triazines+in+solvent-free+conditions+catalysed+by+silica-supported+lewis+acids&rft.au=Angel+D%C3%ADaz-Ortiz%2C+Antonio+de+la+Hoz%2C+Andr%C3%A9s+Moreno%2C+...&rft.date=2002&rft.doi=10.1039%2FB202014A&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Green+Chem.&rft.pages=339-343&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:32-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:32_231-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:32_231-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:32_231-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:32_231-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Hydrogen Cyanide</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Nitrogen Products</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 2005, ISBN 0-306-48225-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>347–360</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48639-3_19">10.1007/0-306-48639-3_19</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Cyanide&rft.btitle=Synthetic+Nitrogen+Products&rft.date=2005&rft.doi=10.1007%2F0-306-48639-3_19&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0306482258&rft.pages=347-360&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.volume=19" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Herrera, Alberto Riaño, Ramón Moreno, Bárbara Caso, Zulay D. Pardo, Israel Fernández, Elena Sáez, Dolores Molero, Angel Sánchez-Vázquez, Roberto Martínez-Alvarez: <cite style="font-style:italic">One-Pot Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives via Controlled Cross-Cyclotrimerization of Nitriles: A Mechanism Approach</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>79</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, 1. August 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7012–7024</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo501144v">10.1021/jo501144v</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=One-Pot+Synthesis+of+1%2C3%2C5-Triazine+Derivatives+via+Controlled+Cross-Cyclotrimerization+of+Nitriles%3A+A+Mechanism+Approach&rft.au=Antonio+Herrera%2C+Alberto+Ria%C3%B1o%2C+Ram%C3%B3n+Moreno%2C+...&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo501144v&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=7012-7024&rft.volume=79" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-233">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Kuhn, Aurélien Forget, Dangsheng Su, Arne Thomas, Markus Antonietti: <cite style="font-style:italic">From Microporous Regular Frameworks to Mesoporous Materials with Ultrahigh Surface Area: Dynamic Reorganization of Porous Polymer Networks</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>130</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, 8. Oktober 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13333–13337</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja803708s">10.1021/ja803708s</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=From+Microporous+Regular+Frameworks+to+Mesoporous+Materials+with+Ultrahigh+Surface+Area%3A+Dynamic+Reorganization+of+Porous+Polymer+Networks&rft.au=Pierre+Kuhn%2C+Aur%C3%A9lien+Forget%2C+Dangsheng+Su%2C+...&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja803708s&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=40&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=13333-13337&rft.volume=130" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-234">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Heller, Marko Hapke: <cite style="font-style:italic">The fascinating construction of pyridine ring systems by transition metal-catalysed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Society Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>36</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1085</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/b607877j">10.1039/b607877j</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+fascinating+construction+of+pyridine+ring+systems+by+transition+metal-catalysed+%5B2+%2B+2+%2B+2%5D+cycloaddition+reactions&rft.au=Barbara+Heller%2C+Marko+Hapke&rft.date=2007&rft.doi=10.1039%2Fb607877j&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.pages=1085&rft.volume=36" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-235">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaili Cen, Muhammad Usman, Wangzhen Shen, Meijing Liu, Rong Yang, Jinhui Cai: <cite style="font-style:italic">A review on the assembly of multi-substituted pyridines via Co-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition with nitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7391–7404</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D2OB01344D">10.1039/D2OB01344D</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+review+on+the+assembly+of+multi-substituted+pyridines+via+Co-catalyzed+%5B2+%2B+2+%2B+2%5D+cycloaddition+with+nitriles&rft.au=Kaili+Cen%2C+Muhammad+Usman%2C+Wangzhen+Shen%2C+...&rft.date=2022&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD2OB01344D&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=37&rft.jtitle=Organic+%26+Biomolecular+Chemistry&rft.pages=7391-7404&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-236">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakhi Vishwakarma, Chandrakanth Gadipelly, Lakshmi Kantam Mannepalli: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advances in Tetrazole Synthesis – An Overview</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ChemistrySelect</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>29</span>, 5. August 2022, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202200706">10.1002/slct.202200706</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Advances+in+Tetrazole+Synthesis+-+An+Overview&rft.au=Rakhi+Vishwakarma%2C+Chandrakanth+Gadipelly%2C+Lakshmi+Kantam+Mannepalli&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fslct.202200706&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=29&rft.jtitle=ChemistrySelect&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-237">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yijun Huang, Alexander Dömling: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Gewald multicomponent reaction</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular Diversity</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Februar 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3–33</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-010-9229-6">10.1007/s11030-010-9229-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Gewald+multicomponent+reaction&rft.au=Yijun+Huang%2C+Alexander+D%C3%B6mling&rft.date=2011-02&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs11030-010-9229-6&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Diversity&rft.pages=3-33&rft.volume=15" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-238">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diego Savoia, Emilio Tagliavini, Claudio Trombini, Achille Umani-Ronchi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Potassium on alumina as a reagent for reductive decyanation of alkylnitriles</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>45</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, August 1980, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3227–3229</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01304a016">10.1021/jo01304a016</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Potassium+on+alumina+as+a+reagent+for+reductive+decyanation+of+alkylnitriles&rft.au=Diego+Savoia%2C+Emilio+Tagliavini%2C+Claudio+Trombini%2C+...&rft.date=1980-08&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo01304a016&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=3227-3229&rft.volume=45" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-239">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani, Fatemeh Soltani Hasankiadeh, Fatemeh Mohajer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recent Applications of Ritter Reactions in Organic Syntheses</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">ChemistrySelect</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>45</span>, 7. Dezember 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>14349–14379</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202003470">10.1002/slct.202003470</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Recent+Applications+of+Ritter+Reactions+in+Organic+Syntheses&rft.au=Ghodsi+Mohammadi+Ziarani%2C+Fatemeh+Soltani+Hasankiadeh%2C+Fatemeh+Mohajer&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fslct.202003470&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=45&rft.jtitle=ChemistrySelect&rft.pages=14349-14379&rft.volume=5" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-240">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prativa Bade Shrestha-Dawadi, Johannes C. Jochims: <cite style="font-style:italic">On the Synthesis of Nitrilium Salts from Nitriles and Chloroformates</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthesis</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1993</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>04</span>, 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>426–432</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1993-25876">10.1055/s-1993-25876</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=On+the+Synthesis+of+Nitrilium+Salts+from+Nitriles+and+Chloroformates&rft.au=Prativa+Bade+Shrestha-Dawadi%2C+Johannes+C.+Jochims&rft.date=1993&rft.doi=10.1055%2Fs-1993-25876&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=04&rft.jtitle=Synthesis&rft.pages=426-432&rft.volume=1993" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-241">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard F. Borch: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrilium salts. New method for the synthesis of secondary amines</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Organic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, März 1969, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>627–629</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01255a031">10.1021/jo01255a031</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrilium+salts.+New+method+for+the+synthesis+of+secondary+amines&rft.au=Richard+F.+Borch&rft.date=1969-03&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjo01255a031&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=627-629&rft.volume=34" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:19-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:19_242-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:19_242-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce N. Storhoff, Huntley C. Lewis Jr.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organonitrile complexes of transition metals</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Coordination Chemistry Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Juni 1977, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–29</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8545%2800%2980329-X">10.1016/S0010-8545(00)80329-X</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Organonitrile+complexes+of+transition+metals&rft.au=Bruce+N.+Storhoff%2C+Huntley+C.+Lewis+Jr.&rft.date=1977-06&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0010-8545%2800%2980329-X&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Coordination+Chemistry+Reviews&rft.pages=1-29&rft.volume=23" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:20-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:20_243-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:20_243-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:20_243-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:20_243-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvana F. Rach, Fritz E. Kühn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile Ligated Transition Metal Complexes with Weakly Coordinating Counteranions and Their Catalytic Applications</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>109</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 13. Mai 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2061–2080</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr800270h">10.1021/cr800270h</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile+Ligated+Transition+Metal+Complexes+with+Weakly+Coordinating+Counteranions+and+Their+Catalytic+Applications&rft.au=Silvana+F.+Rach%2C+Fritz+E.+K%C3%BChn&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr800270h&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=2061-2080&rft.volume=109" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-245">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Te-Wei Lee, Chang-Shinn Su, Gann Ting: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthesis, reactivity and 99mTc labelling of 2-alkoxyisobutylisonitrile</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied Radiation and Isotopes</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Februar 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>207–210</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043%2895%2900249-9">10.1016/0969-8043(95)00249-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Synthesis%2C+reactivity+and+99mTc+labelling+of+2-alkoxyisobutylisonitrile&rft.au=Te-Wei+Lee%2C+Chang-Shinn+Su%2C+Gann+Ting&rft.date=1996-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0969-8043%2895%2900249-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Applied+Radiation+and+Isotopes&rft.pages=207-210&rft.volume=47" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-246">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Ethylenediamine and Chelating Agents</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthetic Nitrogen Products</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 2005, ISBN 0-306-48225-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>325–331</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48639-3_16">10.1007/0-306-48639-3_16</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Ethylenediamine+and+Chelating+Agents&rft.btitle=Synthetic+Nitrogen+Products&rft.date=2005&rft.doi=10.1007%2F0-306-48639-3_16&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0306482258&rft.pages=325-331&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-247">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Gröger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Catalytic Enantioselective Strecker Reactions and Analogous Syntheses</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>103</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, 1. August 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2795–2828</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020038p">10.1021/cr020038p</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Catalytic+Enantioselective+Strecker+Reactions+and+Analogous+Syntheses&rft.au=Harald+Gr%C3%B6ger&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr020038p&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.pages=2795-2828&rft.volume=103" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-248">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Willke: <cite style="font-style:italic">Methionine production—a critical review</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>98</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, Dezember 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9893–9914</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6156-y">10.1007/s00253-014-6156-y</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Methionine+production%E2%80%94a+critical+review&rft.au=Thomas+Willke&rft.date=2014-12&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs00253-014-6156-y&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.pages=9893-9914&rft.volume=98" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_249-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_249-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Arman Sedghi, Reza Eslami Farsani, Ali Shokuhfar: <cite style="font-style:italic">The effect of commercial polyacrylonitrile fibers characterizations on the produced carbon fibers properties</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Materials Processing Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>198</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–3</span>, März 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>60–67</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.052">10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.052</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+commercial+polyacrylonitrile+fibers+characterizations+on+the+produced+carbon+fibers+properties&rft.au=Arman+Sedghi%2C+Reza+Eslami+Farsani%2C+Ali+Shokuhfar&rft.date=2008-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jmatprotec.2007.06.052&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1-3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Processing+Technology&rft.pages=60-67&rft.volume=198" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-250">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Md Abdullah Al Faruque, Rechana Remadevi, Joselito Razal, Xungai Wang, Maryam Naebe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Investigation on structure and characteristics of alpaca‐based wet‐spun polyacrylonitrile composite fibers by utilizing natural textile waste</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Applied Polymer Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>137</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 15. Februar 2020, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48370">10.1002/app.48370</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Investigation+on+structure+and+characteristics+of+alpaca%E2%80%90based+wet%E2%80%90spun+polyacrylonitrile+composite+fibers+by+utilizing+natural+textile+waste&rft.au=Md+Abdullah+Al+Faruque%2C+Rechana+Remadevi%2C+Joselito+Razal%2C+...&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fapp.48370&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Polymer+Science&rft.volume=137" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-251">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. E. Geller: <cite style="font-style:italic">[No title found]</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fibre Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>151–161</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1020525628197">10.1023/A:1020525628197</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=%5BNo+title+found%5D&rft.au=B.+E.+Geller&rft.date=2002&rft.doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1020525628197&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Chemistry&rft.pages=151-161&rft.volume=34" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-252">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Bajaj, Surya Kumari: <cite style="font-style:italic">Modification of Acrylic Fibers: An Overview</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Mai 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>181–217</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708081915">10.1080/07366578708081915</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Modification+of+Acrylic+Fibers%3A+An+Overview&rft.au=P.+Bajaj%2C+Surya+Kumari&rft.date=1987-05&rft.doi=10.1080%2F07366578708081915&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Macromolecular+Science%2C+Part+C%3A+Polymer+Reviews&rft.pages=181-217&rft.volume=27" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-253">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T.A. Adegbola, O. Agboola, O.S.I. Fayomi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Review of polyacrylonitrile blends and application in manufacturing technology: recycling and environmental impact</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Results in Engineering</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, September 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>100144</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100144">10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100144</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Review+of+polyacrylonitrile+blends+and+application+in+manufacturing+technology%3A+recycling+and+environmental+impact&rft.au=T.A.+Adegbola%2C+O.+Agboola%2C+O.S.I.+Fayomi&rft.btitle=Results+in+Engineering&rft.date=2020-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.rineng.2020.100144&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=100144&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-254">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xing Jin, Chunfang Feng, Claudia Creighton, Nishar Hameed, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Nisa V. Salim: <cite style="font-style:italic">On the structural evolution of textile grade polyacrylonitrile fibers during stabilization and carbonization: Towards the manufacture of low‐cost carbon fiber</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Polymer Degradation and Stability</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>186</span>, 1. April 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>109536</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109536">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109536</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=On+the+structural+evolution+of+textile+grade+polyacrylonitrile+fibers+during+stabilization+and+carbonization%3A+Towards+the+manufacture+of+low%E2%80%90cost+carbon+fiber&rft.au=Xing+Jin%2C+Chunfang+Feng%2C+Claudia+Creighton%2C+...&rft.btitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2021.109536&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=109536&rft.volume=186" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-255">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Sawyer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Comparing the Level of Dexterity offered by Latex and Nitrile SafeSkin Gloves</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Annals of Occupational Hygiene</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>50</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 12. Dezember 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>289–296</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg%2Fmei066">10.1093/annhyg/mei066</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Comparing+the+Level+of+Dexterity+offered+by+Latex+and+Nitrile+SafeSkin+Gloves&rft.au=J.+Sawyer&rft.date=2005-12-12&rft.doi=10.1093%2Fannhyg%2Fmei066&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Occupational+Hygiene&rft.pages=289-296&rft.volume=50" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-256">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keh-Ping Chao, Pak-Hing Lee, Min-Jet Wu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic solvents permeation through protective nitrile gloves</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Hazardous Materials</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>99</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, April 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>191–201</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894%2803%2900042-6">10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00042-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Organic+solvents+permeation+through+protective+nitrile+gloves&rft.au=Keh-Ping+Chao%2C+Pak-Hing+Lee%2C+Min-Jet+Wu&rft.date=2003-04&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0304-3894%2803%2900042-6&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.pages=191-201&rft.volume=99" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-257">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. B. Brennan, D. H. Isaac, J. C. Arnold: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recycling of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and high‐impact polystyrene from waste computer equipment</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Applied Polymer Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>86</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 17. Oktober 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>572–578</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10833">10.1002/app.10833</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Recycling+of+acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene+and+high%E2%80%90impact+polystyrene+from+waste+computer+equipment&rft.au=L.+B.+Brennan%2C+D.+H.+Isaac%2C+J.+C.+Arnold&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fapp.10833&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Polymer+Science&rft.pages=572-578&rft.volume=86" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_258-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_258-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers</cite>. Springer New York, New York, NY 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22–22</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene+copolymers&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Polymers&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=22-22&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer+New+York" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-259">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesca Sabatini, Silvia Pizzimenti, Irene Bargagli, Ilaria Degano, Celia Duce, Laura Cartechini, Francesca Modugno, Francesca Rosi: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Thermal Analytical Study of LEGO® Bricks for Investigating Light-Stability of ABS</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Polymers</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>15</span>, 31. Juli 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3267</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153267">10.3390/polym15153267</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+Thermal+Analytical+Study+of+LEGO%C2%AE+Bricks+for+Investigating+Light-Stability+of+ABS&rft.au=Francesca+Sabatini%2C+Silvia+Pizzimenti%2C+Irene+Bargagli%2C+...&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fpolym15153267&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Polymers&rft.pages=3267&rft.volume=15" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-260">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhijuan Wang, Hongyan Li, Tao Li, Qing Zhang, Yaqi Cai, Hua Bai, Qing Lv: <cite style="font-style:italic">Application of validated migration models for the risk assessment of styrene and acrylonitrile in ABS plastic toys</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>252</span>, März 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>114570</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114570">10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114570</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Application+of+validated+migration+models+for+the+risk+assessment+of+styrene+and+acrylonitrile+in+ABS+plastic+toys&rft.au=Zhijuan+Wang%2C+Hongyan+Li%2C+Tao+Li%2C+...&rft.btitle=Ecotoxicology+and+Environmental+Safety&rft.date=2023-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.ecoenv.2023.114570&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=114570&rft.volume=252" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-261">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Tullo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Industry braces for nylon 6,6 shortage</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">C&EN Global Enterprise</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, 8. Oktober 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22–23</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09640-feature3">10.1021/cen-09640-feature3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Industry+braces+for+nylon+6%2C6+shortage&rft.au=Alex+Tullo&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcen-09640-feature3&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=40&rft.jtitle=C%26amp%3BEN+Global+Enterprise&rft.pages=22-23&rft.volume=96" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-262">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Younghyun Lee, Sung Woo Lee, Hyung Ju Kim, Yong Tae Kim, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Jechan Lee: <cite style="font-style:italic">Hydrogenation of Adiponitrile to Hexamethylenediamine over Raney Ni and Co Catalysts</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applied Sciences</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, 26. Oktober 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7506</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217506">10.3390/app10217506</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Hydrogenation+of+Adiponitrile+to+Hexamethylenediamine+over+Raney+Ni+and+Co+Catalysts&rft.au=Younghyun+Lee%2C+Sung+Woo+Lee%2C+Hyung+Ju+Kim%2C+...&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fapp10217506&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=Applied+Sciences&rft.pages=7506&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-263">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammad Jaber Darabi Mahboub, Jean-Luc Dubois, Fabrizio Cavani, Mohammad Rostamizadeh, Gregory S. Patience: <cite style="font-style:italic">Catalysis for the synthesis of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Society Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>47</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7703–7738</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00117K">10.1039/C8CS00117K</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Catalysis+for+the+synthesis+of+methacrylic+acid+and+methyl+methacrylate&rft.au=Mohammad+Jaber+Darabi+Mahboub%2C+Jean-Luc+Dubois%2C+Fabrizio+Cavani%2C+...&rft.date=2018&rft.doi=10.1039%2FC8CS00117K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=20&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.pages=7703-7738&rft.volume=47" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_264-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_264-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian F. McConvey, Dean Woods, Moira Lewis, Quan Gan, Paul Nancarrow: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Importance of Acetonitrile in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Opportunities for its Recovery from Waste</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Process Research & Development</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 20. April 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>612–624</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/op2003503">10.1021/op2003503</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Acetonitrile+in+the+Pharmaceutical+Industry+and+Opportunities+for+its+Recovery+from+Waste&rft.au=Ian+F.+McConvey%2C+Dean+Woods%2C+Moira+Lewis%2C+...&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fop2003503&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Organic+Process+Research+%26+Development&rft.pages=612-624&rft.volume=16" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-265">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/acetonitrile-market-721"><i>Acetonitrile Market Size, Growth, Analysis & Forecast, 2032.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 11. Januar 2024</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ANitrile&rft.title=Acetonitrile+Market+Size%2C+Growth%2C+Analysis+%26+Forecast%2C+2032&rft.description=Acetonitrile+Market+Size%2C+Growth%2C+Analysis+%26+Forecast%2C+2032&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemanalyst.com%2Findustry-report%2Facetonitrile-market-721"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-266">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cristiano Soleo Funari, Renato Lajarim Carneiro, Manish M. Khandagale, Alberto José Cavalheiro, Emily F. Hilder: <cite style="font-style:italic">Acetone as a greener alternative to acetonitrile in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Separation Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, Mai 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1458–1465</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201401324">10.1002/jssc.201401324</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Acetone+as+a+greener+alternative+to+acetonitrile+in+liquid+chromatographic+fingerprinting&rft.au=Cristiano+Soleo+Funari%2C+Renato+Lajarim+Carneiro%2C+Manish+M.+Khandagale%2C+...&rft.date=2015-05&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fjssc.201401324&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Separation+Science&rft.pages=1458-1465&rft.volume=38" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-267">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladislav Androvič, Jan Bartáček, Miloš Sedlák: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of azo initiators</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Research on Chemical Intermediates</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>42</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, Juni 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5133–5145</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-015-2351-4">10.1007/s11164-015-2351-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+the+synthesis+and+applications+of+azo+initiators&rft.au=Ladislav+Androvi%C4%8D%2C+Jan+Bart%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%2C+Milo%C5%A1+Sedl%C3%A1k&rft.date=2016-06&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs11164-015-2351-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Research+on+Chemical+Intermediates&rft.pages=5133-5145&rft.volume=42" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-268">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bao Li, Alison E. Wendlandt, Shannon S. Stahl: <cite style="font-style:italic">Replacement of Stoichiometric DDQ with a Low Potential o -Quinone Catalyst Enabling Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Tertiary Indolines in Pharmaceutical Intermediates</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 15. Februar 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1176–1181</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00111">10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00111</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30702297?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30702297</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6413530/">PMC 6413530</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Replacement+of+Stoichiometric+DDQ+with+a+Low+Potential+o+-Quinone+Catalyst+Enabling+Aerobic+Dehydrogenation+of+Tertiary+Indolines+in+Pharmaceutical+Intermediates&rft.au=Bao+Li%2C+Alison+E.+Wendlandt%2C+Shannon+S.+Stahl&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.orglett.9b00111&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Organic+Letters&rft.pages=1176-1181&rft.pmc=6413530&rft.pmid=30702297&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-269">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jun-Ho Choi, Kwang-Im Oh, Hochan Lee, Chewook Lee, Minhaeng Cho: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile and thiocyanate IR probes: Quantum chemistry calculation studies and multivariate least-square fitting analysis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Chemical Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>128</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, 7. April 2008, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2844787">10.1063/1.2844787</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile+and+thiocyanate+IR+probes%3A+Quantum+chemistry+calculation+studies+and+multivariate+least-square+fitting+analysis&rft.au=Jun-Ho+Choi%2C+Kwang-Im+Oh%2C+Hochan+Lee%2C+...&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.doi=10.1063%2F1.2844787&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.volume=128" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-270">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. DAWSON, ET AL.: <cite style="font-style:italic">THE HIGGS WORKING GROUP: SUMMARY REPORT.</cite> Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1. August 2005.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=S.+DAWSON%2C+ET+AL.&rft.btitle=THE+HIGGS+WORKING+GROUP%3A+SUMMARY+REPORT.&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Office+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Information+%28OSTI%29" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-271">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lili Song, Zhigang Liu, Minjie Liu, Pei Tang, Fener Chen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Efficient and Scalable Synthesis of Ketoprofen: A Pyrolytic Aromatization Approach</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organic Process Research & Development</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 19. Mai 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>922–927</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00049">10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00049</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Efficient+and+Scalable+Synthesis+of+Ketoprofen%3A+A+Pyrolytic+Aromatization+Approach&rft.au=Lili+Song%2C+Zhigang+Liu%2C+Minjie+Liu%2C+...&rft.date=2023-05-19&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.oprd.3c00049&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Organic+Process+Research+%26+Development&rft.pages=922-927&rft.volume=27" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:33-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:33_272-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:33_272-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC Medicinal Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1650</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K">10.1039/D1MD00131K</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+pharmaceuticals%3A+target%2C+mechanism+of+action%2C+and+their+SAR+studies&rft.au=Xi+Wang%2C+Yuanxun+Wang%2C+Xuemin+Li%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD1MD00131K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=RSC+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=1650&rft.pmc=8528211&rft.pmid=34778767&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:35-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:35_273-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:35_273-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:35_273-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC Medicinal Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1651</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K">10.1039/D1MD00131K</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+pharmaceuticals%3A+target%2C+mechanism+of+action%2C+and+their+SAR+studies&rft.au=Xi+Wang%2C+Yuanxun+Wang%2C+Xuemin+Li%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD1MD00131K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=RSC+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=1651&rft.pmc=8528211&rft.pmid=34778767&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-274">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC Medicinal Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1650<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>f</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K">10.1039/D1MD00131K</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+pharmaceuticals%3A+target%2C+mechanism+of+action%2C+and+their+SAR+studies&rft.au=Xi+Wang%2C+Yuanxun+Wang%2C+Xuemin+Li%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD1MD00131K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=RSC+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=1650f.&rft.pmc=8528211&rft.pmid=34778767&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-275">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC Medicinal Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1651<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>f</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K">10.1039/D1MD00131K</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+pharmaceuticals%3A+target%2C+mechanism+of+action%2C+and+their+SAR+studies&rft.au=Xi+Wang%2C+Yuanxun+Wang%2C+Xuemin+Li%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD1MD00131K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=RSC+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=1651f.&rft.pmc=8528211&rft.pmid=34778767&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-276">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricky C.K. Cheng, Denis B. Tikhonov, Boris S. Zhorov: <cite style="font-style:italic">Structural Model for Phenylalkylamine Binding to L-type Calcium Channels</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Biological Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>284</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41</span>, Oktober 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>28332–28342</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.027326">10.1074/jbc.M109.027326</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19700404?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19700404</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788883/">PMC 2788883</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Structural+Model+for+Phenylalkylamine+Binding+to+L-type+Calcium+Channels&rft.au=Ricky+C.K.+Cheng%2C+Denis+B.+Tikhonov%2C+Boris+S.+Zhorov&rft.date=2009-10&rft.doi=10.1074%2Fjbc.M109.027326&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=41&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.pages=28332-28342&rft.pmc=2788883&rft.pmid=19700404&rft.volume=284" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-277">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalija Popović, Nicanor Morales-Delgado, David Vidal Mena, Antonia Alonso, María Pascual Martínez, María Caballero Bleda, Miroljub Popović: <cite style="font-style:italic">Verapamil and Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Present, and Future</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Frontiers in Pharmacology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, 5. Mai 2020, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00562">10.3389/fphar.2020.00562</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32431612?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32431612</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7214748/">PMC 7214748</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Verapamil+and+Alzheimer%E2%80%99s+Disease%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.au=Natalija+Popovi%C4%87%2C+Nicanor+Morales-Delgado%2C+David+Vidal+Mena%2C+...&rft.btitle=Frontiers+in+Pharmacology&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.doi=10.3389%2Ffphar.2020.00562&rft.genre=book&rft.pmc=7214748&rft.pmid=32431612&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-278">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC Medicinal Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1654</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K">10.1039/D1MD00131K</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+pharmaceuticals%3A+target%2C+mechanism+of+action%2C+and+their+SAR+studies&rft.au=Xi+Wang%2C+Yuanxun+Wang%2C+Xuemin+Li%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD1MD00131K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=RSC+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=1654&rft.pmc=8528211&rft.pmid=34778767&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-279">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Junmei Cairns, James N. Ingle, Tanda M. Dudenkov et al.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pharmacogenomics of aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal breast cancer and additional mechanisms of anastrozole action</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">JCI Insight</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>16</span>, 20. August 2020, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.137571">10.1172/jci.insight.137571</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701512?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32701512</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7455128/">PMC 7455128</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Pharmacogenomics+of+aromatase+inhibitors+in+postmenopausal+breast+cancer+and+additional+mechanisms+of+anastrozole+action&rft.au=Junmei+Cairns%2C+James+N.+Ingle%2C+Tanda+M.+Dudenkov+et+al.&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.doi=10.1172%2Fjci.insight.137571&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=JCI+Insight&rft.pmc=7455128&rft.pmid=32701512&rft.volume=5" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid15833816-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15833816_280-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohl CE, Gao W, Miller DD, Bell CE, Dalton JT: <cite style="font-style:italic">Structural basis for antagonism and resistance of bicalutamide in prostate cancer</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</cite>. 102. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6201–6</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500381102">10.1073/pnas.0500381102</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833816?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15833816</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1087923/">PMC 1087923</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Structural+basis+for+antagonism+and+resistance+of+bicalutamide+in+prostate+cancer&rft.au=Bohl+CE%2C+Gao+W%2C+Miller+DD%2C+...&rft.date=2005&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0500381102&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=6201-6&rft.pmc=1087923&rft.pmid=15833816&rft.volume=102.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-281">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC Medicinal Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1653</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K">10.1039/D1MD00131K</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+pharmaceuticals%3A+target%2C+mechanism+of+action%2C+and+their+SAR+studies&rft.au=Xi+Wang%2C+Yuanxun+Wang%2C+Xuemin+Li%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD1MD00131K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=RSC+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=1653&rft.pmc=8528211&rft.pmid=34778767&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-282">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahnoor Pasha, Ammara Zamir, Waseem Ashraf, Imran Imran, Hamid Saeed, Anees Ur Rehman, Majid Aziz, Faleh Alqahtani, Muhammad Fawad Rasool: <cite style="font-style:italic">A systematic review on the clinical pharmacokinetics of vildagliptin in healthy and disease populations</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology</cite>. 26. November 2023, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–13</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2023.2288252">10.1080/17425255.2023.2288252</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+on+the+clinical+pharmacokinetics+of+vildagliptin+in+healthy+and+disease+populations&rft.au=Mahnoor+Pasha%2C+Ammara+Zamir%2C+Waseem+Ashraf%2C+...&rft.btitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Drug+Metabolism+%26+Toxicology&rft.date=2023-11-26&rft.doi=10.1080%2F17425255.2023.2288252&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1-13" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-283">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mika Nabeno, Fumihiko Akahoshi, Hiroyuki Kishida, Ikuko Miyaguchi, Yoshihito Tanaka, Shinichi Ishii, Takashi Kadowaki: <cite style="font-style:italic">A comparative study of the binding modes of recently launched dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors in the active site</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>434</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Mai 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>191–196</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.010">10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.010</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+of+the+binding+modes+of+recently+launched+dipeptidyl+peptidase+IV+inhibitors+in+the+active+site&rft.au=Mika+Nabeno%2C+Fumihiko+Akahoshi%2C+Hiroyuki+Kishida%2C+...&rft.date=2013-05&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2013.03.010&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+and+Biophysical+Research+Communications&rft.pages=191-196&rft.volume=434" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-285">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xi Wang, Yuanxun Wang, Xuemin Li, Zhenyang Yu, Chun Song, Yunfei Du: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: target, mechanism of action, and their SAR studies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC Medicinal Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1660</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MD00131K">10.1039/D1MD00131K</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34778767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8528211/">PMC 8528211</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Nitrile-containing+pharmaceuticals%3A+target%2C+mechanism+of+action%2C+and+their+SAR+studies&rft.au=Xi+Wang%2C+Yuanxun+Wang%2C+Xuemin+Li%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1039%2FD1MD00131K&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=RSC+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=1660&rft.pmc=8528211&rft.pmid=34778767&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-286">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandra E. Pineda-Sanabria, Ian M. Robertson, Yin-Biao Sun, Malcolm Irving, Brian D. Sykes: <cite style="font-style:italic">Probing the mechanism of cardiovascular drugs using a covalent levosimendan analog</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>92</span>, März 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>174–184</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.003">10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.003</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26853943?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26853943</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831045/">PMC 4831045</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Probing+the+mechanism+of+cardiovascular+drugs+using+a+covalent+levosimendan+analog&rft.au=Sandra+E.+Pineda-Sanabria%2C+Ian+M.+Robertson%2C+Yin-Biao+Sun%2C+...&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Molecular+and+Cellular+Cardiology&rft.date=2016-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.yjmcc.2016.02.003&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=174-184&rft.pmc=4831045&rft.pmid=26853943&rft.volume=92" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid18230722-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18230722_287-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das K, Bauman JD, Clark AD, Frenkel YV, Lewi PJ, Shatkin AJ, Hughes SH, Arnold E: <cite style="font-style:italic">High-resolution structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase/TMC278 complexes: strategic flexibility explains potency against resistance mutations</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</cite>. 105. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1466–71</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711209105">10.1073/pnas.0711209105</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230722?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18230722</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234167/">PMC 2234167</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=High-resolution+structures+of+HIV-1+reverse+transcriptase%2FTMC278+complexes%3A+strategic+flexibility+explains+potency+against+resistance+mutations&rft.au=Das+K%2C+Bauman+JD%2C+Clark+AD%2C+...&rft.date=2008&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0711209105&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=1466-71&rft.pmc=2234167&rft.pmid=18230722&rft.volume=105.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid27049939-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27049939_288-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coleman JA, Green EM, Gouaux E: <cite style="font-style:italic">X-ray structures and mechanism of the human serotonin transporter</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature</cite>. 532. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7599</span>, 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>334–9</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17629">10.1038/nature17629</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049939?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27049939</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4898786/">PMC 4898786</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=X-ray+structures+and+mechanism+of+the+human+serotonin+transporter&rft.au=Coleman+JA%2C+Green+EM%2C+Gouaux+E&rft.date=2016&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fnature17629&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7599&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=334-9&rft.pmc=4898786&rft.pmid=27049939&rft.volume=532.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-289">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David R Bickers, Peter Calow, Helmut A Greim, Jon M Hanifin, Adrianne E Rogers, Jean-Hilaire Saurat, I Glenn Sipes, Robert L Smith, Hachiro Tagami: <cite style="font-style:italic">The safety assessment of fragrance materials</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, April 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>218–273</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-2300%2803%2900003-5">10.1016/S0273-2300(03)00003-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+safety+assessment+of+fragrance+materials&rft.au=David+R+Bickers%2C+Peter+Calow%2C+Helmut+A+Greim%2C+...&rft.date=2003-04&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0273-2300%2803%2900003-5&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Regulatory+Toxicology+and+Pharmacology&rft.pages=218-273&rft.volume=37" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-290">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S.P. Bhatia, V.T. Politano, A.M. Api: <cite style="font-style:italic">Evaluation of genotoxicity of nitrile fragrance ingredients using in vitro and in vivo assays</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Food and Chemical Toxicology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>59</span>, September 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>784–792</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.040">10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.040</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+genotoxicity+of+nitrile+fragrance+ingredients+using+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+assays&rft.au=S.P.+Bhatia%2C+V.T.+Politano%2C+A.M.+Api&rft.btitle=Food+and+Chemical+Toxicology&rft.date=2013-09&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.fct.2013.04.040&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=784-792&rft.volume=59" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-291">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K.R. Brain, D.M. Green, J. Lalko, A.M. Api: <cite style="font-style:italic">In-vitro human skin penetration of the fragrance material geranyl nitrile</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Toxicology in Vitro</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Februar 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>133–138</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2006.08.005">10.1016/j.tiv.2006.08.005</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=In-vitro+human+skin+penetration+of+the+fragrance+material+geranyl+nitrile&rft.au=K.R.+Brain%2C+D.M.+Green%2C+J.+Lalko%2C+...&rft.date=2007-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.tiv.2006.08.005&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+in+Vitro&rft.pages=133-138&rft.volume=21" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-292">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Pybus, Charles Sell: <cite style="font-style:italic">The chemistry of fragrances</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">RSC paperbacks</cite>). Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 1999, ISBN 0-85404-528-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>66</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.au=David+Pybus%2C+Charles+Sell&rft.btitle=The+chemistry+of+fragrances&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0854045287&rft.pages=66&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.series=RSC+paperbacks" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-293">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J E Casida, D W Gammon, A H Glickman, L J Lawrence: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mechanisms of Selective Action of Pyrethroid Insecticides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, April 1983, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>413–438</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.002213">10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.002213</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Selective+Action+of+Pyrethroid+Insecticides&rft.au=J+E+Casida%2C+D+W+Gammon%2C+A+H+Glickman%2C+...&rft.date=1983-04&rft.doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.pa.23.040183.002213&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Pharmacology+and+Toxicology&rft.pages=413-438&rft.volume=23" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-294">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas C. Sparks, James E. Hunter, Beth A. Lorsbach, Greg Hanger, Roger E. Gast, Greg Kemmitt, Robert J. Bryant: <cite style="font-style:italic">Crop Protection Discovery: Is Being the First Best?</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>66</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, 10. Oktober 2018, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10337–10346</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03484">10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03484</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Crop+Protection+Discovery%3A+Is+Being+the+First+Best%3F&rft.au=Thomas+C.+Sparks%2C+James+E.+Hunter%2C+Beth+A.+Lorsbach%2C+...&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.jafc.8b03484&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=40&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=10337-10346&rft.volume=66" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:24-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:24_295-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:24_295-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave W Bartlett, John M Clough, Jeremy R Godwin, Alison A Hall, Mick Hamer, Bob Parr‐Dobrzanski: <cite style="font-style:italic">The strobilurin fungicides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pest Management Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>58</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, Juli 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>649–662</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.520">10.1002/ps.520</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=The+strobilurin+fungicides&rft.au=Dave+W+Bartlett%2C+John+M+Clough%2C+Jeremy+R+Godwin%2C+...&rft.date=2002-07&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fps.520&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Pest+Management+Science&rft.pages=649-662&rft.volume=58" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-296">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ngangbam Sarat Singh, Ranju Sharma, Sandeep Kumar Singh, Dileep Kumar Singh: <cite style="font-style:italic">A comprehensive review of environmental fate and degradation of fipronil and its toxic metabolites</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Environmental Research</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>199</span>, August 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>111316</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111316">10.1016/j.envres.2021.111316</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+review+of+environmental+fate+and+degradation+of+fipronil+and+its+toxic+metabolites&rft.au=Ngangbam+Sarat+Singh%2C+Ranju+Sharma%2C+Sandeep+Kumar+Singh%2C+...&rft.btitle=Environmental+Research&rft.date=2021-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.envres.2021.111316&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=111316&rft.volume=199" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-297">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. W. Coover, D. W. Dreifus, J. T. O’Connor: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cyanoacrylate Adhesives</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbook of Adhesives</cite>. Springer US, Boston, MA 1990, ISBN 1-4612-8019-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>463–477</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0671-9_27">10.1007/978-1-4613-0671-9_27</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Cyanoacrylate+Adhesives&rft.au=H.+W.+Coover%2C+D.+W.+Dreifus%2C+J.+T.+O%E2%80%99Connor&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Adhesives&rft.date=1990&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0671-9_27&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1461280192&rft.pages=463-477&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Springer+US" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-299">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemie.de/news/1177889/wie-ein-gewoehnlicher-zusatzstoff-lithium-ionen-batterien-einen-schub-verleiht.html?xing_share=news"><i>Wie ein gewöhnlicher Zusatzstoff Lithium-Ionen-Batterien einen Schub verleiht.</i></a> Chemie.de, 28. September 2022,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 29. September 2022</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ANitrile&rft.title=Wie+ein+gew%C3%B6hnlicher+Zusatzstoff+Lithium-Ionen-Batterien+einen+Schub+verleiht&rft.description=Wie+ein+gew%C3%B6hnlicher+Zusatzstoff+Lithium-Ionen-Batterien+einen+Schub+verleiht&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemie.de%2Fnews%2F1177889%2Fwie-ein-gewoehnlicher-zusatzstoff-lithium-ionen-batterien-einen-schub-verleiht.html%3Fxing_share%3Dnews&rft.publisher=Chemie.de&rft.date=2022-09-28"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-300">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chao Tang, Yawei Chen, Zhengfeng Zhang, Wenqiang Li, Junhua Jian, Yulin Jie, Fanyang Huang, Yehu Han, Wanxia Li, Fuping Ai, Ruiguo Cao, Pengfei Yan, Yuhao Lu, Shuhong Jiao: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stable cycling of practical high-voltage LiCoO2 pouch cell via electrolyte modification</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nano Research</cite>. 2022, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4955-5">10.1007/s12274-022-4955-5</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nitrile&rft.atitle=Stable+cycling+of+practical+high-voltage+LiCoO2+pouch+cell+via+electrolyte+modification&rft.au=Chao+Tang%2C+Yawei+Chen%2C+Zhengfeng+Zhang%2C+...&rft.btitle=Nano+Research&rft.date=2022&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs12274-022-4955-5&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_Links_zu_erwähnten_Verbindungen"><span id="Externe_Links_zu_erw.C3.A4hnten_Verbindungen"></span>Externe Links zu erwähnten Verbindungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="S">
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">N-Glutamylaminopropionitril</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">18961-63-2</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125548126" class="extiw external" title="d:Q125548126">Q125548126</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Eisen(III)-triflat</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">63295-48-7</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nr.</a>: <span class="wikidata-content">625-938-3</span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard: <span class="wikidata-content"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.154.386">100.154.386</a></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11656316">11656316</a>, <a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9831054.html"><span class="wikidata-content">9831054</span></a><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72484900" class="extiw external" title="d:Q72484900">Q72484900</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">O-(4-Trifluormethylbenzoyl)hydroxylamin</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">1774368-74-9</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23201930">23201930</a><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125548236" class="extiw external" title="d:Q125548236">Q125548236</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Lanthan(III)-isopropanolat</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">19446-52-7</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nr.</a>: <span class="wikidata-content">625-147-3</span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard: <span class="wikidata-content"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.153.671">100.153.671</a></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9858075">9858075</a>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72487196" class="extiw external" title="d:Q72487196">Q72487196</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Cer(III)-isopropanolat</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">30276-32-5</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11056214">11056214</a><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125558694" class="extiw external" title="d:Q125558694">Q125558694</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Samarium(III)-isopropanolat</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">3504-40-3</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nr.</a>: <span class="wikidata-content">623-799-3</span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard: <span class="wikidata-content"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.152.446">100.152.446</a></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11110239">11110239</a>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72515210" class="extiw external" title="d:Q72515210">Q72515210</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Ytterbium(III)-isopropanolat</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=6742-69-4">6742-69-4</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nr.</a>: <span class="wikidata-content">622-129-7</span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard: <span class="wikidata-content"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.150.919">100.150.919</a></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4184062">4184062</a>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72515207" class="extiw external" title="d:Q72515207">Q72515207</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Ytterbium(III)-cyanid</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">39705-70-9</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125558716" class="extiw external" title="d:Q125558716">Q125558716</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-244">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Nitrosoniumperchlorat</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><span class="KeinCASLink" title="CAS-Nummer ohne Common-Chemistry-Eintrag">15605-28-4</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/177613">177613</a>, <a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.154629.html"><span class="wikidata-content">154629</span></a><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4359356" class="extiw external" title="d:Q4359356">Q4359356</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-284">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">Cefmetazol</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56796-20-4">56796-20-4</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nr.</a>: <span class="wikidata-content">260-384-2</span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard: <span class="wikidata-content"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.054.877">100.054.877</a></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/42008">42008</a>, <a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.38311.html"><span class="wikidata-content">38311</span></a><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>: <span class="wikidata-content"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00274">DB00274</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5057238" class="extiw external" title="d:Q5057238">Q5057238</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-298">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Externe Identifikatoren von bzw. Datenbank-Links zu <span style="font-style:italic">1,3,6-Hexantricarbonitril</span>: <a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nr.</a>: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1772-25-4">1772-25-4</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nr.</a>: <span class="wikidata-content">217-199-7</span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard: <span class="wikidata-content"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.015.636">100.015.636</a></span><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/15678">15678</a>, <a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14913.html"><span class="wikidata-content">14913</span></a><span style="display:none;"></span>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27289244" class="extiw external" title="d:Q27289244">Q27289244</a>.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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